A Psychological Profile Of Holden Caufield :: essays research papers fc

Thesis: Holden Caufield is a hostile, negatively charged character that suffers from depression which stems from a desire not to grow up and a lack of closure in his brothers death."If you really want to hear about it, the first thing you'll probably want to know is where I was born, and what my lousy childhood was like . . . "(pg. 1) These first words that Holden Caufield communicates during his tell of events that brought him to his breakdown, show the pent up hostility that still lingers. This pattern of speech, the constant expression of negativity, is a character trait of Holden that shows his inner anguish. Holden also feels a continual need for affirmation of what he just said with phrases such as, "He really would."(pg. 25) or "It really isn't." (Pg. 89) This continual need for approval shows a lowered level of self-assurance. This lowered self-assurance probably stems from his self-awareness that he is an unreliable source. The reason he is unreliable is due to his deceitful narrative of occurrences. This is seen repeatedly as Holden builds an individual up as good or righteous such as Stradlater, (pg. 25) then tears him down later. (pg 43) This inability to give truthful accounts of individuals could stem from his constant digression from the point at hand. Holden freely admits to this trait on page 183 when he says "The trouble with me is, I like it when somebody digresses. It's more interesting and all.""Certain things they should stay the way they are. You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just leave them alone."(pg. 122) This phrase Holden made while discussing how things were different each time he went to the museum, stems from an inability to accept that he must grow up. The thought of growing up has driven Holden into bouts of depression as inhis discussion on page 133, " It'd be entirely different. I said. I was getting depressed as hell again." This nonconformist desire has led Holden to have illusions of grandeur as a fictional savior, "The Catcher in the Rye."(pg. 173) The catcher in the rye is undoubtedly a metaphor, for keeping children from falling into the same norm as adults. The inability of Holden to accept growing up and the depression caused by it has made Holden suicidal, "what I really felt like, though, was committing suicide.

Religion in History

Hebrew religious beliefs differed from the beliefs of other people in the ancient Middle East. â€Å"Of all the ancient civilizations, it was the Hebrews who exerted perhaps the greatest influence on western society as well as the western intellectual tradition† (â€Å"Hebrew'). The Hebrews first appeared in Mesopotamia and then migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan and then into Egypt and back to Canaan. The Hebrew people were different. For them, there was only one god, Yahweh. This was a fundamental difference between the Hebrews and their neighbors in the ancient Middle East.The Egyptians, Babylonians, and others did not worship Yahweh. Not Reason but Revelation was the cornerstone of the Hebrew faith† (â€Å"Religion†). Yahweh was the focus of Hebrew life; therefore, the Hebrews would give no praise to royalty. Moses received the Ten Commandments as guidelines for the Hebrews. The poor, children, and sick were all protected and rich and poor were to be treated under the same laws. Personal property was not most important and did not define a person for the first time.Hebrews' felt that Yahweh was fair; however their neighbors felt different about their Gods. â€Å"The ancient lands of Canaan, Israel, and Judah were overrun at various times. The peoples who ruled them brought with hem their own gods and religious practices. Wherever they went, the Hebrews kept their customs and their belief† (â€Å"Hebrew†). The Persians were settled in the area long before the Hebrews. â€Å"The Persians had two gods, Ahura Mazda, who created all the good things in the world, and Ahriman, who created all the bad things in the world.These two gods were at war all the time. Their struggle kept the world in a delicate balance. If one god gained the upper hand, then more of his influence would be felt† (â€Å"Middle†). The Phoenicians also believed in gods that were responsible for parts of nature, such as rain and wind. Baal, the storm god, was the second most important Phoenician god, behind El, the chief god† (â€Å"Middle†). The Phoenicians also believed in a life after death, as did their neighbors the Egyptians.Both embalmed their dead and wrapped them in linen; the Phoenicians placed the bodies in stone coffins in hillside cemeteries It was believed that people could decide which god they wanted to follow. â€Å"Those who followed Ahura Mazda, the god of good, did good deeds like keeping their word, giving to the poor, treating other people well, and obeying the king. Those who followed Ahriman did bad things, like lying, cheating, being lazy, and being reedy' (â€Å"Middle†). In the end, Ahura Mazda would triumph and good would win. People who supported this god would enjoy happiness after death.Those who supported Ahriman would be punished for that support. â€Å"This religion, later called Zoroastrianism, was the religion practiced throughout the Persian Empire when Alexander the Great conquered it in 330† (â€Å"Middle†). With his influence, Alexander brought the religion of the Greeks. Sumerians and Hebrews had many similarities and differences in their beliefs. They both give high regard to the Gods. Gods have the most power and can bring ood fortune, good harvest, good health, and good life. On the other hand, the Gods can take all these goods back and cause death, sickness, and plague.Sumerians and religious beliefs of the Hebrews from the belief systems of Egypt or Mesopotamia was clearly their monotheism. This monotheism made possible for a new awareness of the individual. Man had the capacity to choose between good and evil. Sumerians practice polytheism; in fact, they think of the Gods as human. Eastern polytheism used images to represent their gods and goddesses. The Sumerians believed that the forces of nature were alive. The people couldn't control these forces of nature, so they worshipped them as gods.The people also believed t hat they were living on Earth only to please the gods. â€Å"The Sumerian gods included Anu, the ruler of the gods; Enki, the god of earth; and Enlil, the god of the air, who separated heaven and earth. Enlil it was also who gave the Sumerians their knowledge of farming† (Hebrew'). Each Sumerian city also had its own god. The focus of the city was the ziggurat, a large temple, which was the home of that city's god. The priests who worked in the ziggurats were the only ones who knew the will of the gods, so hey were very powerful.

Logitech and Wearable Computing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2983 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category IT Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction Wearable computing is the study or practice of inventing, designing, building, or using miniature body-borne computational and sensory devices. Wearable computers may be worn under, over, or in clothing, or may also be themselves clothes (i.e. Smart Clothing (Mann, 1996a)). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Logitech and Wearable Computing" essay for you Create order Unlike a laptop or a palmtop , wearable computer is constantly turned on and interacts with a real-world task. Information could be even very context sensitive. Wearable computers are especially useful for applications that require more complex computational support than just hardware coded logics. Logitech International is a Swiss global provider of personal computer and tablets accessories with headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland and Americas headquarters in Newark, California. The company develops and markets products like peripheral devices for PCs, including keyboards, trackballs, microphones and webcams. Logitech also makes home and computer speakers, headphones, wireless audio devices, as well as audio devices for MP3 players and mobile phones. More recently, the company has begun making keyboards and covers for tablets. In addition to its Swiss and Americas headquarters, the company has offices throughout Europe, Asia and the rest of the Americas. Logitechs sales and marketing activities are organized into three geographic regions: Americas, EMEA, and Asia Pacific. Part 1 Value Creation There are a number of wearable computing applications and can be divided by product as explained in the figure below: Google Glass Google Glass comes under Eye-Wear and is a wearable computer that is being developed by Google with a mission of producing a mass-market ubiquitous computer. Google Glass displays information in a smartphone-like hands-free format, that can communicate with the Internet via natural language voice commands. Google is considering partnerships with sunglass retailers such as Ray-Ban or Warby Parker, and may also open retail stores to allow customers to try on the device. A touchpad is located on the side of Google Glass, allowing users to control the device by swiping through a timeline-like interface displayed on the screen. Sliding backward shows current events, such as weather, and sliding forward shows past events , such as phone calls, photos, circle updates, etc. Some of the applications of Google Glass are: Logistics One of the biggest opportunities for Google Glass and other wearable computer technologies is in the logistics industry. Already warehouse managers and trucking companies have tools to monitor stock levels and positioning, the new devices though offer more effective, compact and less obtrusive ways to collect real time data. Taxi industry GPS devices have become an essential tool for the modern taxi driver. Google Glass could put the directions right in front of the driver along with booking information and traffic conditions. The glasses could give drivers warnings about the likelihood of fare evasion, assaults or robberies in the neighbourhoods they are travelling through. In the most extreme cases, the glasses could even help network controllers communicate with drivers in dangerous situations without passengers being aware of the conversations. Trades people Building sites have some common feature with mines, particularly when it comes to visualising how designs are going to work in real life. Having devices like Google Glass could have helped those NBN contractors stymied by bad mapping data in the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s early stages. For the working tradesman, using augmented reality and Google Glass could help with estimating job costs and maintenance works, such as finding blocked pipes or malfunctioning parts. Architects and Engineers Staying in the building industry, wearable computers could help designers planning new buildings or infrastructure. Fly-through computer simulations of new buildings are standard architectural design tools today. With augmented reality displays designers, clients and stakeholders can visualise what anything from a new freeway, apartment block or kitchen extension is going to look like and the effects on the neighbours. Government agencies Emergency services, medical tre atment and law enforcement are areas where devices like Google Glass will prove invaluable. Having a mobile head up display of critical information during life threatening situations will prove to be an essential tool for early responders. Nike Fuel Band The Nike+ Fuel Band is an activity tracker that is worn on the wrist and is to be used with an Apple iPhone or iPad device. The Fuel Band allows its wearers to track their physical activity, steps taken daily, and amount of calories burned. The information from the wristband is integrated into the Nike+ online community and phone application, allowing wearers to set their own fitness goals, monitor their progression, and compare themselves to others part of the community. Application The Fuel Band comes with access to the Nike+ web community that is setup via the Nike+ Connect Software. The Nike+ web community allows product owners to create an online profile where they can showcase their personal statistics, such as how many goals have been met, how many steps have been taken, and how many Nike Fuel points have been amassed. Upon logging into the Nike+ site, users are given a graphical display of their daily activity, proximity to hitting their goal, positive feedback, and recommendations for more activities. Pebble watch The Pebble is a smartwatch developed by Pebble Technology and released in 2013 that was funded via the crowd funding platform Kickstarter. The Pebble is compatible with iPhones and select Android devices. When connected to your phone, it is able to receive a vibrated alert to text messages, emails, incoming calls, and notifications from social media accounts, Facebook and Twitter. Some of the applications are as follows: Check sports scores For sports fans, the ESPN Pebble app might be the most tempting reason to get a smartwatch yet. At a quick glance, users can check NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL, NCAA Football or NCAA Basketball scores, making boring dinner parties and pia no recitals a little more bearable. Send texts from your watch Major cellular providers usually provide email-to-text services, which deliver short emails to your phone as SMS messages. The Email to SMS app takes advantage of this, letting users create a few pre-written textsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ such as On my way! or Driving now. Will text you laterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ that can be sent directly from the watch. Maintain your health As a wearable tech device, smart watches and health features should go great together. Looks like Pebble app developers got the memo. A scan of the store reveals numerous options for monitoring steps, sleep patterns, calories burned and more, thanks to apps like Runtastic, Lets Muv, Movable and many others. Or, if youre not into quantifying yourself, just load 7-Minute Workout and get illustrations of exercises, for easy reference on your watch. Get directions Apps like Pebble GPS Map, PebbGPS and Maptastic can geo-locate you using your phones GPS. But if displaying maps on your arm is not enough, youll love the turn-by-turn directions some of them can put there as well. Nothing says tourist quite like checking your phones maps on the street. Dont let it happen to you. Part 2 Managerial planning and goals PEST Analysis: Political Economical These factors are related to what the government intervenes in the economic climate. Specifically, political factors include areas such as taxation policy, employment law, environmental law, trade barriers, taxes and prices, and political stability. These factors include growth in the economic , foreign exchange rates and the inflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how companies operate and make strategic choices. For example, interest rates affect a firms cost of capital and therefore to what extent a company grows and expands. Exchange rates affect the costs of exports and the supply and price of imports. Social Technological These factors include the cultural facets and include, growth in population, demographic set up, job attitudes and emphasis on health and safety. Fluctuations in social factors affect the demand for a companys products and services. These factors include technological aspects such as RD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. They can determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. As Logitech is a Swiss based company and it has head quarter in US, the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s new product may be launched in these two countries. However, the Far East market especially China is another avenue where the product can do well. China is Technology intensive and consumers spend a lot of money on electronics. In addition to that, the government has announced a reduction of import tax for international company, which means Logitech can have incentive in tax rates. Due to the recent recession, the Logitechà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sales were decreased. Most companies are still recovering, however this may help the growth of sub sector (strategic groups) that offer value for money (H. Adrian R. Alison, 2008). Although wearable technological products are expensive, their perceived value is high which may increase the revenue for the company. It is clear from recent developments that the wearable technological market is differenciated. Worldwide wearable technologies sales totalled 285.1 million units in the second quarter of 2013; a 6.2% decrease from the second quarter of 2012, according to Gartner, Inc. Customers demand better technology and also easier to use, hence the company is facing strong competition from its rivals like Google, Nike and Samsung in wearable technology products. The company needs to be equipped with latest innovation in order to have a market share in this new market. The company on the other hand doing well in the electronics market with their latest designs and products. Part 3 Innovation Management Different entities are combining together in the form of acquisitions, mergers or joint ventures in order to acquire new technology, product or creating economies of scale. However, integration of two companies is not an exact science as culture is the predominant barrier in successful integration to get the desired output. A culture is a pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it resolved its issues that has worked well enough to be considered viable and is transferred on to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in connection to those issues. There are a number of managerial implications of integrating Logitech staff with the new high tech company. The effects of this integration on employee morale can be significant if the reorganization of the business is not handled effectively. During the integration effort, there are at least two groups of employees involved, often coming from organizations with di stinctly different cultures and styles. Learning a new culture can be challenging, but is especially so when employees are faced with uncertainty about what the future may hold and whose job is on the chopping block. Stress Change is often difficult for employees, especially if they were not directly involved in decisions that impact their jobs. During mergers and acquisitions, change can be especially difficult and can lead to stress which can have a negative impact on morale if not handled effectively. Communication is critical during these times, says Linda Pophal, a communication consultant with Strategic Communications, LLC. To the extent possible organizations should strive to share as much information about what is happening and, most importantly, how the changes will affect individual employees, as they possibly can. Fear of Job Loss When two or more organizations come together, culture clash is inevitable. Rarely do two organizations have the same culture. As th ese groups get to know each other there will inevitably be conflict and perceived or real losses on both sides, says Pophal. Employees may fear losing their jobs or losing opportunities that they formerly had. This fear can negatively impact productivity and may even result in employees leaving the company to seek jobs elsewhere. It is important for organizations and their managers and HR staff to recognize this and to provide opportunities for employees to get to know each other, to openly address concerns, and to work together toward the creation of a new culture that will merge the best of both worlds. Competitiveness When employees are concerned about their own job security they are more likely to become competitive with others and this competitiveness can result in conflictsometimes even violence. During the integration, it is important for managers and HR professionals to be alert to signs of negative competition and to ensure that employees are being kept informed about impacts on their jobs and their futures with the company. While some competition is good, competition is not good when it creates tension and negative conflict in the organization. Part 4 Strategic Leadership Companies that have flourished in the 21st century are those that have learned to respond to turbulence by managing change effectively. Some of the proposed programs to influence cultural and organisational changes are: Make culture a major component of the change management work stream. Often the main change management task during integration is providing communications. This focus may minimize the importanc e of change management, when communication becomes reporting the decisions of others, belatedly, rather than driving actual decisions. If culture is recognized as a major challenge that the change management team is responsible for, then this team assumes an essential role in achieving integration goals. The change team needs resources whose numbers and caliber are consistent with enacting a critical role. Identify who owns corporate culture and have them report to senior management. Choose owners from both companies to the integration to allow for representation of all views, even in a takeover. These owners typically will be senior Human Resources or Organizational Development practitioners. This is also an appropriate task for outside assistance, given the value of external insights in identifying culture. To drive home the importance of the issue, culture should be on the agenda of regularly scheduled (monthly/biweekly) Steering Committee meetings. Insist that the cultu ral work focuses on the tangible and the measurable. The Steering Committee should reject soft, vague, and poorly defined presentations of culture. Instead, culture owners should be required to discuss issues that are specific, well defined, and supported by specific examples that can be tied to business results. This is the difference between culture being addressed by general exhortations to enact teamwork and being addressed by analysis and interventions to increase measurable collaboration among the members of, for example, the new companys merged sales force. If the culture program focuses on whether members of the sales force are effective in selling the products of each others companies and removing the barriers to doing so, that will be a more substantial contribution than a culture effort that creates communications to inform the sales force about the desirability of teamwork. Implement a decision-making process that is not hampered by cultural differences. Decisio n-making style is often deeply ingrained in a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s culture. However, few things have a greater impact on integration results than the ability to make speedy decisions. Customer and employee loyalty can erode quickly if a company is perceived as unable to reach decisions. Leaders of integrating companies find themselves thrust into a situation where they have to make decisions quickly. While varying decision-making styles may hamper this, the differences among decision-making styles are often less important than the difference among these styles and the decision-making style required for an effective integration. This is an urgent matter. The leaders of the integration project must address this with the support of the culture team by: Identifying decision-makers for each area of the integration. Understanding the decision-making style of each company both in terms of what the style is and the assumptions, processes, and structures that support that style. Use this as a basis for assisting decision-makers in moving beyond their assumptions to a point where they can act effectively. Communicating expectations to those decision-makers, including the deadlines when decisions are required. The demand for speed can be used to force changes in how decisions are made. Specific techniques can be used to support this, such as encouraging 80/20 decision-making rather than complete certainty before a choice is made. Build the employee brand with a view toward how it will be understood by employees. If retaining the employees is a goal of integration, then an effort must be made to secure their loyalty, just as customers loyalty must be reinforced. When one company is acquiring another, then the emphasis should be on making the acquiring companys brand attractive, in terms of the career opportunities, rewards, and the sense of identity that it offers to acquired employees. When equals are merging, it is important to find a common point that will not be so novel as to appear alien to all employees. It should neither install one company as dominant nor fail to recognize that employees from the merging companies have different expectations. Conclusion Wearable computers have a huge impact on different fields of sciences and arts. They also have enormous potential for uses in health and fitness, navigation, social networking, commerce, and media. The wearable computer provides the ultimate in network access hands-free, heads-up operation with complete mobility and ample computing power. Now personnel can connect to enterprise information systems without interrupting their work. With the convenience of voice activation and head-mounted or touchscreen display options, they can meet their ever-broadening responsibilities, supported by immediate access to on-line manuals, catalogs, parts lists, drawings, supplier information, work forms and more.Whether on-site, in transit or at home, wearables could enable users to maintain communication with company computers through direct connection or Internet. The device brings forth a whole new concept in mobile computing, offering the ultimate in PC portability. Much like conventional hand held and palmtop computers, wearables can upload and download data and software from various systems to desktop PCs. References https://www.businessinsider.com/hottest-companies-in-wearable-tech-right-now-2013-10?op=1 https://en.wikipe dia.org/wiki/Google_Glass https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble_(watch) https://readwrite.com/2014/02/10/10-cool-things-a-pebble-smartwatch-can-do#awesm=~ozlR82QYsnp2qw https://www.itnews.com.au/News/341535,making-the-business-case-for-google-glass.aspx https://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120718141757AAelhD8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass https://www.itnews.com.au/News/341535,making-the-business-case-for-google-glass.aspx Page 1 of 16

The Media s Influence On The Perception Of Media And...

Very few viewers of adverts decode images passively. Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright argue that there are very few viewers who decode images passively because there is no mass culture. This is because each viewer has different contexts and social backgrounds meaning that the images they view can be decoded in various ways because of their frame of reference and background. However the subject of how audiences decode and view media including advertising can be seen in various different perspectives particularly with Karl Marx and Louis Althusser who have similar but different theories around audiences as passive and active parts of the decoding process. Through Stuart Hall also we can understand the different ways audiences can receive a advert. Sturken and Cartwright’s theory of audiences focuses on the idea that everyone has their own background and frame of reference that determines how they decode an image (57). In advertising this theory is vital in understanding how audiences perceive images and understanding the effects and success of advertising on different people around the world. A part of this surrounds the identity of the viewer and the relevant context of the advert. For example, the Steinlager Pure advert which depicts the nuclear free image of New Zealand (Steinlager Pure). How this advert is received will depend on who views it. New Zealanders will have a direct connection to the advert due to its setting and context around the identity of New ZealandShow MoreRelatedMedia And The Media Industry1465 Words   |  6 Pagesabout media course, Television Production which I’ve chosen to study. Media courses have been taught at U.K universities for over thirty years and vary from practical to academ ic studies, but one thing is for sure, they have evolved over time as the media industry has changed considerably. 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It made such a tremendous impact that eventually led to the transformation of traditional marketing, and it’s no other than social media that we all learned to love. It’s quite fascinating that in the early 2000’s social media wasn’t even invented; yet statistics show that Facebook

Psychoanalytic, Jungian, and Individual Psychology...

Psychoanalytic, Jungian, and Individual Psychology Theories When the word classical is used, images of things developed long ago with their traditional styles and ideas come to mind. They are perceived today as outdated and not as effective. Classical models of psychotherapy although deemed outdated, still have relevance in today’s practice of understanding human behavior. Psychotherapy is a science and art that was established back in the 1800’s with its own style and ideas. Classical models of psychoanalytic theory include psychoanalytic theory, neoanalytic theory, and individual psychology. The psychoanalytic theory founded by Sigmund Freud is the study of human psychological functioning and behavior. The personality theory†¦show more content†¦Freud is credited for developing the structural model in which he describes the three parts of the psyche as the id, ego, and super-ego. The id is the unconscious personality structure that contains the basic drives of individuals (self-gratification). The ego is the or ganized and realistic part of the personality. The super-ego acts as the conscience that maintains the sense of morality. Adler never accepted Freud’s theory of infantile sexual trauma. According to Freud, human behavior is produced by conflicts between genetically built-in drives, the instincts of self preservation, sex, and destruction. He felt that the dominant force in human behavior is the sexual instinct, which is innate. He furthers asserts that the unconscious is the most powerful source of behavior (Murdock, 2009). Jung’s beliefs were that there are common elements of human experiences called archetypes. The archetypes are self, the regulating center of the psyche; shadow, opposite of the ego; anima/animus, male and female principles that represent the true self; and persona, how we present to the world (Changing Minds.Org, 2011). He called the psychological make-up of a person the psyche and believed that specific characterizations change over time and across cultures. Jungian therapy stresses the patients study and acceptance of the archetypes within himself. Only when the first three archetypes are fully integrated can the self begin to be explored andShow MoreRelatedFreud, Adler and Jung: Founders of Psychoanalytic Research Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagesand Jung: Founders of Psychoanalytic Research Elizabeth R. Blight PSY/250 1/23/2013 Michelle Willis Introduction: There are three well-known influential thinkers who are considered to be pioneers in the field of psychology. It could be argued that without †¦., the emergence of psychology as we know it might not have ever happened, at least in its present form. 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Locke Essay Research Paper A THE HEREDITARY free essay sample

Locke Essay, Research Paper A. THE HEREDITARY PRINCIPLE # 183 ; Locke wrote two of import treatises, the first of which is a unfavorable judgment of the philosophy of familial power. Sir Robert Filmer wrote Patriarcha or the The Natural Power of Kings published in 1680 in defence of the Godhead right of male monarchs. # 183 ; Harmonizing to Filmer, merely the male monarch makes Torahs, the male monarch is free of all human control, does non hold to pay attending to the Torahs created by his predecessors, and does non hold to follow his ain Torahs. The Lords of England merely were supposed to give advice. # 183 ; The Patriacha began by opposing the sentiment that # 8220 ; world is of course endowed and born with freedom from all subjugation and at autonomy to take what signifier of authorities it pleases. This is precisely opposite our fundamental law. # 183 ; Divine right of male monarchs came from the thought that God bestowed the kinly power upon Adam, from whom it descended to his inheritors, and finally reached the assorted sovereign of modern times. # 183 ; The church tended to believe in bounds of male monarchs. There was a conflict between male monarchs with their ground forcess and the Church which depended on inventiveness and holiness ( sanctity ) to cut down the power of male monarchs. # 183 ; Filmer said that male monarchs derived political power, non from any contract but wholly from the authorization of a male parent over his kids. # 183 ; The licking of the theories of Godhead right in England was due to two chief causes. One was the multiplicities of faith. [ In England the Church of England believed in bishops, in Scotland the Calvinists did NOT believe in bishops. The King of England was stuck seeking to believe in both, which was impossible. ] The second was struggle of power among the monarchy [ male monarch ] , the nobility [ princes and dukes ] and the higher middle class [ affluent people, largely affluent concern proprietors ] . # 183 ; The three parties made different combinations at different times, so the male monarch was weak when the other two groups were against him. # 183 ; Locke had no trouble pulverizing Filmer # 8217 ; s theory. If parental power was of import so a female parent # 8217 ; s power was merely every bit of import as a male parent # 8217 ; s so male monarchs and Queenss should be equal. Besides, if we pretend that Adam was a male monarch, so merely one progeny should be king and all the others were shams. Besides, parents merely have power over their kids for a short clip, non all their lives. # 183 ; Although the heredity rule is gone from political relations, it is present in economic sciences. Peoples still leave their money to their kids. B. THE STATE OF NATURE AND THE NATURAL LAW # 183 ; This was the portion of the 2nd treatise of Locke. He restated some old thoughts from other people like Thomas Aquinas. # 183 ; He supposed that there was a # 8220 ; province of nature # 8221 ; and a # 8220 ; jurisprudence of nature # 8221 ; that leads people to action. # 183 ; Locke believed in a # 8220 ; happy # 8221 ; province of nature which came from his reading of the Bible and the age of the patriarchs ( Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob ) . # 183 ; Locke believed that the province of nature was as follows: # 8220 ; Men populating together harmonizing to ground, without a common higher-up on Earth, with authorization to judge between them, is decently the province of nature. # 8221 ; # 183 ; He besides believed that no 1 ought to harm another in his life, wellness, autonomy, or ownerships. However, non everyone followed the province of nature and each individual had his ain reading of the province of nature. # 183 ; In order to protect against those who did non follow the jurisprudence of nature, civil authorities was formed as a societal contract. # 8220 ; The great and main terminal of work forces unifying into commonwealths, and seting themselves under authorities, is the saving of their belongings: to which in the province of nature there are many things wanting. # 8221 ; C. THE SOCIAL CONTRACT # 183 ; In the seventeeth century there were two thoughts about authorities. The first was the Godhead right of male monarchs. Aristocracy had assorted feelings because it kept the male monarch in power but kept the merchandisers out of power, which was good. # 183 ; Locke gave the 2nd type of government-the societal contract. It was an matter wholly of the universe, non something from God. # 183 ; Political power resulted and this power rested with the authorities. Harmonizing to Locke, # 8220 ; Political power I take to be the right of doing Torahs, with the punishment of decease, and accordingly al less punishments for the regulation and preserving of belongings, and of using the force of the community in the executing of such Torahs, and in the defence of the commonwealth from foreign hurt, and all this lone for the public good. # 183 ; Because the male monarch could be both the justice and at the same clip be impeaching person of something against him, it became evident that Judgess and executive ( presidents ) needed to be separate. # 183 ; The power of authorities by contract neer extends beyond the common good [ although it is non clear who is supposed to judge what is in the common good. ] D. PROPERTY # 183 ; Each adult male was supposed to have private belongings for his ain labour, for illustration, farming or bring forthing something. # 183 ; Locke besides believed that the value of something should be related to how much work it took to make it. This was the labour theory of value. # 183 ; The trouble with Locke # 8217 ; s thoughts is that merely truly worked in England before the industrial revolution. After that, if a individual, for illustration, worked in a auto mill and produced merely one portion of the auto all twenty-four hours long, there was no manner to find how much value they had added. E. CHECKS AND BALANCES # 183 ; The philosophy that the legislative, executive and judicial maps of authorities should be kept separate is characteristic of liberalism and is consistent with what Locke said. # 183 ; In all good designed authoritiess, Locke says, the legislative and executive are separate. # 183 ; Locke said nil about the bench. However, the supreme tribunal of the US is the best illustration of an independent bench. # 183 ; The state where Locke # 8217 ; s rule of the division of pweres has found its fullest application is the United States, where the President and Congress are entirely independent of each other, and the Supreme Court is independent of both. # 183 ; Locke # 8217 ; s political doctrine was equal and utile until the industrial revolution. # 183 ; The province of nature that Locke talked about still exists but now between states alternatively of people [ , because people formed states utilizing a societal contract ] . # 183 ; A new international Social Contract is necessary before we can bask the promised benefits of authorities. When one international authorities has been created much of Locke # 8217 ; s political doctrine will once more go applicable [ like no injury to one anoth Er. ] A. THE HEREDITARY PRINCIPLE # 183 ; Locke wrote two of import treatises, the first of which is a unfavorable judgment of the philosophy of familial power. Sir Robert Filmer wrote Patriarcha or the The Natural Power of Kings published in 1680 in defence of the Godhead right of male monarchs. # 183 ; Harmonizing to Filmer, merely the male monarch makes Torahs, the male monarch is free of all human control, does non hold to pay attending to the Torahs created by his predecessors, and does non hold to follow his ain Torahs. The Lords of England merely were supposed to give advice. # 183 ; The Patriacha began by opposing the sentiment that # 8220 ; world is of course endowed and born with freedom from all subjugation and at autonomy to take what signifier of authorities it pleases. This is precisely opposite our fundamental law. # 183 ; Divine right of male monarchs came from the thought that God bestowed the kinly power upon Adam, from whom it descended to his inheritors, and finally reached the assorted sovereign of modern times. # 183 ; The church tended to believe in bounds of male monarchs. There was a conflict between male monarchs with their ground forcess and the Church which depended on inventiveness and holiness ( sanctity ) to cut down the power of male monarchs. # 183 ; Filmer said that male monarchs derived political power, non from any contract but wholly from the authorization of a male parent over his kids. # 183 ; The licking of the theories of Godhead right in England was due to two chief causes. One was the multiplicities of faith. [ In England the Church of England believed in bishops, in Scotland the Calvinists did NOT believe in bishops. The King of England was stuck seeking to believe in both, which was impossible. ] The second was struggle of power among the monarchy [ male monarch ] , the nobility [ princes and dukes ] and the higher middle class [ affluent people, largely affluent concern proprietors ] . # 183 ; The three parties made different combinations at different times, so the male monarch was weak when the other two groups were against him. # 183 ; Locke had no trouble pulverizing Filmer # 8217 ; s theory. If parental power was of import so a female parent # 8217 ; s power was merely every bit of import as a male parent # 8217 ; s so male monarchs and Queenss should be equal. Besides, if we pretend that Adam was a male monarch, so merely one progeny should be king and all the others were shams. Besides, parents merely have power over their kids for a short clip, non all their lives. # 183 ; Although the heredity rule is gone from political relations, it is present in economic sciences. Peoples still leave their money to their kids. B. THE STATE OF NATURE AND THE NATURAL LAW # 183 ; This was the portion of the 2nd treatise of Locke. He restated some old thoughts from other people like Thomas Aquinas. # 183 ; He supposed that there was a # 8220 ; province of nature # 8221 ; and a # 8220 ; jurisprudence of nature # 8221 ; that leads people to action. # 183 ; Locke believed in a # 8220 ; happy # 8221 ; province of nature which came from his reading of the Bible and the age of the patriarchs ( Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob ) . # 183 ; Locke believed that the province of nature was as follows: # 8220 ; Men populating together harmonizing to ground, without a common higher-up on Earth, with authorization to judge between them, is decently the province of nature. # 8221 ; # 183 ; He besides believed that no 1 ought to harm another in his life, wellness, autonomy, or ownerships. However, non everyone followed the province of nature and each individual had his ain reading of the province of nature. # 183 ; In order to protect against those who did non follow the jurisprudence of nature, civil authorities was formed as a societal contract. # 8220 ; The great and main terminal of work forces unifying into commonwealths, and seting themselves under authorities, is the saving of their belongings: to which in the province of nature there are many things wanting. # 8221 ; C. THE SOCIAL CONTRACT # 183 ; In the seventeeth century there were two thoughts about authorities. The first was the Godhead right of male monarchs. Aristocracy had assorted feelings because it kept the male monarch in power but kept the merchandisers out of power, which was good. # 183 ; Locke gave the 2nd type of government-the societal contract. It was an matter wholly of the universe, non something from God. # 183 ; Political power resulted and this power rested with the authorities. Harmonizing to Locke, # 8220 ; Political power I take to be the right of doing Torahs, with the punishment of decease, and accordingly al less punishments for the regulation and preserving of belongings, and of using the force of the community in the executing of such Torahs, and in the defence of the commonwealth from foreign hurt, and all this lone for the public good. # 183 ; Because the male monarch could be both the justice and at the same clip be impeaching person of something against him, it became evident that Judgess and executive ( presidents ) needed to be separate. # 183 ; The power of authorities by contract neer extends beyond the common good [ although it is non clear who is supposed to judge what is in the common good. ] D. PROPERTY # 183 ; Each adult male was supposed to have private belongings for his ain labour, for illustration, farming or bring forthing something. # 183 ; Locke besides believed that the value of something should be related to how much work it took to make it. This was the labour theory of value. # 183 ; The trouble with Locke # 8217 ; s thoughts is that merely truly worked in England before the industrial revolution. After that, if a individual, for illustration, worked in a auto mill and produced merely one portion of the auto all twenty-four hours long, there was no manner to find how much value they had added. E. CHECKS AND BALANCES # 183 ; The philosophy that the legislative, executive and judicial maps of authorities should be kept separate is characteristic of liberalism and is consistent with what Locke said. # 183 ; In all good designed authoritiess, Locke says, the legislative and executive are separate. # 183 ; Locke said nil about the bench. However, the supreme tribunal of the US is the best illustration of an independent bench. # 183 ; The state where Locke # 8217 ; s rule of the division of pweres has found its fullest application is the United States, where the President and Congress are entirely independent of each other, and the Supreme Court is independent of both. # 183 ; Locke # 8217 ; s political doctrine was equal and utile until the industrial revolution. # 183 ; The province of nature that Locke talked about still exists but now between states alternatively of people [ , because people formed states utilizing a societal contract ] . # 183 ; A new international Social Contract is necessary before we can bask the promised benefits of authorities. When one international authorities has been created much of Locke # 8217 ; s political doctrine will once more go applicable [ like no injury to one another. ] 312

Monetary policy and the effects the policy has on the budgeting of New York City.

The public policy that is going to be reviewed in this paper is the monetary policy and the effects the policy has on the budgeting of New York City. Public policy refers to set of legislations adopted by various states to achieve a desired outcome in a given state or city. The public policies are backed by laws for them to be enforced by court of laws and in case one fails to observe them, he or she can be prosecuted.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Monetary policy and the effects the policy has on the budgeting of New York City. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In some countries or states, public policies are entrenched in the constitution. Public policies are formulated to achieve a desired goal in a given country. Some of the desired goals of public policies are to create employment or reduce the level of inflation to those acceptable in the country usually single digit inflation. Public policies are for mulated to ensure a certain level of investment is attainted. According to Woodford, 2003, monetary policies are public policies formulated by the Federal Reserve to achieve a certain goal in the economy. Monetary policies are formulated to control the supply of currency in the economy. It is worth noting that the Federal Reserve has a constitution mandate to control the supply of money in the economy. Excess supply of money in the economy leads to inflation. Inflation refers to general increases of prices of services and goods over a period of time. If the supply of money is more than the amount of goods produced in the economy, the prices of goods increases. This is because the purchasing power of residents increases. This causes the demand for goods to go high and since there is no additional products produced to satisfy the demand, prices of goods escalates thus creating inflation. On the other hand, supply of money in the economy is very low; the level of investment goes down a s goods produced are not demand. This has a negative effect on the growth of the economy. Thus the Federal Reserve has a responsibility of ensuring that there is optimum supply of money in the economy. This is achieved by the help of monetary policy (Woodford, 2003). During the financial crisis that the world economies experienced in recent past, the role of Federal Reserve was clearly exhibited. The Federal Reserve applied tools of monetary policy to reduce the effect of financial crisis. Financial crisis we experienced recently threatened to collapse our economy. As a matter of fact many people’s livelihood was affected as result and thus Federal Reserve applied monetary policies to arrest the situation. To begin with, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York reduced the base interest rate. The commercial banks borrow money from Federal Reserve which is in turn advanced to the people as credit (Galà ­, 2008). As a matter of fact Federal Reserve is a lender-of-last resort. In t he event where commercial banks have no money to advance to the customer, they turn to Federal Reserve for loans at a certain interest rate. The Federal Reserve is also regulators of commercial banks.Advertising Looking for coursework on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means Federal Reserve makes rules that must be adhered by commercial bank or risk punishment or even worse risk the withdrawal of their trading licenses. The low interest rate charge to commercial bank by Federal Reserve ensured that commercial banks can advance money to people at a low interest rate. This low interest motivates people to come for loans hence economic growth. The money advanced to people as loans was to ensure that certain level of investment is attained in the economy hence economic growth. The investment made also would create employment opportunities that are badly needed after many people lost their livelihood as a r esult of economic crisis. The low interest rate made credit accessible to people hence excess amount of money in circulation. The excess money in circulation led to inflation due to high demand of goods created by high purchasing power of citizens. Thus it is argued that the low interest rate that was meant to spur economic growth badly needed after the worst economic crisis in decades left the economy worse than it was before the intervention (Woodford, 2003). According to Lee et al 2008, another monetary policy that was adopted by Federal Reserve is that of bailing out companies and organizations that were considered very crucial to the economy of the United States. The financial crisis what was experienced recently led to collapse of companies hence loss of employment and revenue to the government. To avoid further loss of employment in the country, the United States government through Federal Reserve gave cash bail-outs to the companies that were at verge of collapsing. The nega tive effect of bail out was that tax payers’ money was put in the use in projects that were not popular thus most of American had a feeling that the bailout was not necessary thus wastage of taxpayers money. It was argued that bail-out gave some companies undue advantage to other companies who did not receive government assistance (Lee, Johnson Joyce, 2008). References Galà ­, J. (2008). Monetary Policy, Inflation, and the Business Cycle: An Introduction to the New Keynesian Framework. New York: Princeton University Press Lee, R., Johnson, W. Joyce, G. (2008). Public budgeting systems (8thed). Sudbury, MA: Jones and BartlettAdvertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Monetary policy and the effects the policy has on the budgeting of New York City. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Woodford, M. (2003).Interest and Prices: Foundations of a Theory of Monetary Policy. New York: Princeton University Press This coursework on Monetary policy and the effects the policy has on the budgeting of New York City. was written and submitted by user Bo B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.