The Media s Influence On The Perception Of Media And...

Very few viewers of adverts decode images passively. Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright argue that there are very few viewers who decode images passively because there is no mass culture. This is because each viewer has different contexts and social backgrounds meaning that the images they view can be decoded in various ways because of their frame of reference and background. However the subject of how audiences decode and view media including advertising can be seen in various different perspectives particularly with Karl Marx and Louis Althusser who have similar but different theories around audiences as passive and active parts of the decoding process. Through Stuart Hall also we can understand the different ways audiences can receive a advert. Sturken and Cartwright’s theory of audiences focuses on the idea that everyone has their own background and frame of reference that determines how they decode an image (57). In advertising this theory is vital in understanding how audiences perceive images and understanding the effects and success of advertising on different people around the world. A part of this surrounds the identity of the viewer and the relevant context of the advert. For example, the Steinlager Pure advert which depicts the nuclear free image of New Zealand (Steinlager Pure). How this advert is received will depend on who views it. New Zealanders will have a direct connection to the advert due to its setting and context around the identity of New ZealandShow MoreRelatedMedia And The Media Industry1465 Words   |  6 Pagesabout media course, Television Production which I’ve chosen to study. Media courses have been taught at U.K universities for over thirty years and vary from practical to academ ic studies, but one thing is for sure, they have evolved over time as the media industry has changed considerably. I understand you have major reservations about my choice of course, as this isn’t traditional degree, it’s worth noting that the media industry generates  £8 million an hour in the UK; covering advertising, subscriptionRead MoreCross-Cultural Communication Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagestopic in the field of International Management. The topic for this paper is Cross-cultural Communication in Marketing/advertising. Communication is such an important part of everyone’s daily life, not only in one’s personal life but also in organizations. Also now a day, we are becoming every year more and more global and working with different countries and cultures around the world. Henceforward, globalization is increasing, which makes communication a very important part of doing business internationallyRead MoreHuman Resource Training For The Media Sector1679 Words   |  7 PagesMass media is a very important role in the development of today s society. It impacts on the social consciousness to establish and consolidate a system of political thought leaders for society; associate members of society into a unity, a whole on the basis of the stance, political attitudes generally. Mass media also perform monitoring functions, and social management, monitoring, detection, promptly report the problems, new conflicts arise, contributes political stability to society. Such an importantRead MoreThe Po wer And Ethics Of Language1748 Words   |  7 Pagesabout it over and over again and ask, How did such a thing happen?. The answer, in itself, lies within the influence of the media, the power of language, and how its words are intertwined so masterfully that the effect becomes immeasurable. As Diane Setterfield once noted, â€Å"There is something about words. In expert hands, manipulated deftly, they take you prisoner. They wind themselves around your limbs like spider silk, and when you are so enthralled you cannot move, they pierce your skin, enterRead MoreThe Fashion : Unrealistic And Harmful Perceptions Of Beauty1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fashion Industrys’ Unrealistic and Harmful Perceptions of Beauty As you are flipping through the pages of any fashion magazine, you see that they are plastered with freakishly skinny, young women made up to resemble perfect barbie dolls. If you are the average american girl, you would probably be feeling a little more insecure about yourself than when you first opened the magazine. You begin to realize everything that you wish you could look like and are stuck comparing yourself to images thatRead MoreResearch Analysis : Primary Sources Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Analysis Worksheet This worksheet is for analyzing primary sources, which for the purpose of this project are popular culture media: texts created for a mass audience with some commercial component, either through sales, subscription, or advertising revenue: advertisements, videos, television shows, news articles or programs, popular music, etc. Choose three different popular culture artifacts (primary sources) that reflect the identity you’ve chosen for your essay. For instance, if I were analyzingRead MoreVideo Games Have Become A Real Influence On The Curriculum Of The Modern Entertainment Industry Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesgames have become a real influence on the curriculum of the modern entertainment industry. Video game campaigns have a very strategized, but hidden way of luring people to buy their product. I believe that the way that they use social influence like Facebook or twitter to spread the word that their new video game is coming. Social influence is a huge way to advertise and seduce the video game obsessed population to purchase their product. They also seem to use perception and sensation during commercialsRead MoreThe Political Front Runners Of Great Britain1742 Words   |  7 Pagesabout it over and over again and ask, How did such a thing happen?. The answer, in itself, lies within the inf luence of the media, the power of language, and how its words are intertwined so masterfully that the effect becomes immeasurable. As Diane Setterfield once noted, â€Å"There is something about words. In expert hands, manipulated deftly, they take you prisoner. They wind themselves around your limbs like spider silk, and when you are so enthralled you cannot move, they pierce your skin, enterRead MoreHow The Media Is The Issue Of The 21st Century1137 Words   |  5 Pagesdangers of media ownership concentrated in only a few mega-corporations. Refer to specific readings/viewings to back up your thoughts. b) According to Robert McChesney (Corporate Media the Threat to Democracy), and the movie Free Speech for Sale, why is such a concentration of corporate ownership a threat to democracy? (Hint: begin by defining democracy.) c) Include in your discussion both what the function of the media should be in a democracy, and what the function of the media is in dangerRead MoreSocial Media Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pagesadvancement, constantly evolving. This pattern is no different from the world of advertising, as it has also evolved through the years and quite recently an unexpected technological innovation took the world by storm. It made such a tremendous impact that eventually led to the transformation of traditional marketing, and it’s no other than social media that we all learned to love. It’s quite fascinating that in the early 2000’s social media wasn’t even invented; yet statistics show that Facebook

Psychoanalytic, Jungian, and Individual Psychology...

Psychoanalytic, Jungian, and Individual Psychology Theories When the word classical is used, images of things developed long ago with their traditional styles and ideas come to mind. They are perceived today as outdated and not as effective. Classical models of psychotherapy although deemed outdated, still have relevance in today’s practice of understanding human behavior. Psychotherapy is a science and art that was established back in the 1800’s with its own style and ideas. Classical models of psychoanalytic theory include psychoanalytic theory, neoanalytic theory, and individual psychology. The psychoanalytic theory founded by Sigmund Freud is the study of human psychological functioning and behavior. The personality theory†¦show more content†¦Freud is credited for developing the structural model in which he describes the three parts of the psyche as the id, ego, and super-ego. The id is the unconscious personality structure that contains the basic drives of individuals (self-gratification). The ego is the or ganized and realistic part of the personality. The super-ego acts as the conscience that maintains the sense of morality. Adler never accepted Freud’s theory of infantile sexual trauma. According to Freud, human behavior is produced by conflicts between genetically built-in drives, the instincts of self preservation, sex, and destruction. He felt that the dominant force in human behavior is the sexual instinct, which is innate. He furthers asserts that the unconscious is the most powerful source of behavior (Murdock, 2009). Jung’s beliefs were that there are common elements of human experiences called archetypes. The archetypes are self, the regulating center of the psyche; shadow, opposite of the ego; anima/animus, male and female principles that represent the true self; and persona, how we present to the world (Changing Minds.Org, 2011). He called the psychological make-up of a person the psyche and believed that specific characterizations change over time and across cultures. Jungian therapy stresses the patients study and acceptance of the archetypes within himself. Only when the first three archetypes are fully integrated can the self begin to be explored andShow MoreRelatedFreud, Adler and Jung: Founders of Psychoanalytic Research Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagesand Jung: Founders of Psychoanalytic Research Elizabeth R. Blight PSY/250 1/23/2013 Michelle Willis Introduction: There are three well-known influential thinkers who are considered to be pioneers in the field of psychology. It could be argued that without †¦., the emergence of psychology as we know it might not have ever happened, at least in its present form. Freud is considered by his modern-day counterparts to be the founding father of analytic psychology, as he is the first toRead MoreThe First Layer Of The Unconscious1570 Words   |  7 Pagescalled complexes. A complex is a collection of opinions, moods, attitudes and memories that focus on a particular idea. The more elements attached to the complex, the greater its effect on the individual. Jung also said that the personal unconscious was much nearer the exterior than Freud advised and Jungian therapy is less concerned with repressed infantile knowledges. It is the present-day and the future, which in his opinion was the strategic to both the analysis of neurosis and its treatment.Read MorePsychoanalytic Theory : Psy choanalytic And Psychoanalytic Perspective Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pages Psychoanalytic aka â€Å"Psychodynamic† The psychoanalytic perspective, is the outlook that behavior and personality are effected by the conflict between one’s inner dreams n and expectation of society. Most of this conflict occurs in unconscious, which is outside the knowledge of an individual. Renowned psychologist, Freud established the psychoanalytic theory as an explanation for perplexed phenomena such as the meaning behindRead MoreBeatrice Hinkle/Psychoanalysis1635 Words   |  7 PagesCooper Medical School, which later was taken over by Stanford University. Sadly, her husband died in 1899 after only seven years of marriage. Beatrice Hinkle, whose own interest in psychological processes led her to a medical degree and a psychoanalytic career. Beatrice overcome her grief for her husband through working hard, graduated from the medical school and became a talented and dedicated physician. She was appointed as San Francisco s city physician. This particular fact was very importantRead MorePsychoanalytic Psychology : Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment1427 Words   |  6 Pages Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Julious Campbell PSY/250 June 8, 2015 MR. MICHAEL PHILLIPS Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Many people consider Psychology a science, which is true, applied science. Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior which has different levels with many dimensions. Psychology is compounded with many theories and studies that by trial, and error, have made psychology into the discipline that it has become today. Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and AlfredRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Psychology1019 Words   |  5 Pagesdefine a person. Personality Psychology is the study of these different patterns among a group of people or culture. The studies of psychology started from Hippocrates’ theory that argues that personality traits are based on four different sections. This heavily influenced modern personality psychology. Three important psychologists helped shape the way humans define the term personality. Alfred Adler is one of these psychologists. Alder had a tendency to change his theory on personality throughoutRead MoreA Brief History About The Death Of The Son Of A Clergy Man By Karl Gustav1863 Words   |  8 PagesA brief History about the Theorist Born in†¦. in Switzerland the son of a clergy man, Karl Gustav Jung was a lonely child. Much has been written about his childhood isolation and the impact this had on his later theories, of the significance of he placed on the imagination and a deep need to connect to the greater whole to break out of his isolation. Jung was a highly imaginative and empathetic boy who was interested in philosophy religion and read widely. In 1900 Jung joined the staff of the Burghà ¶lzliRead MoreEssay about Carl Gustav Jung1078 Words   |  5 Pagesthe school of analytical psychology. He proposed and developed the concepts of the extroverted and introverted personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious. The issues that he dealt with arose from his personal experiences. 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Years after the book came out another thinker was inspired to look into the human mind and this time with a more scientificallyRead MoreHeart of Darkness in the Light of Psychoanalytic Theories.4599 Words   |  19 PagesPsychoanalytic Criticism Psychoanalytic criticism originated in the work of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who pioneered the technique of psychoanalysis. Freud developed a language that described, a model that explained, and a theory that encompassed human psychology. His theories are directly and indirectly concerned with the nature of the unconscious mind. Through his multiple case studies, Freud managed to find convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivated by psychological

Locke Essay Research Paper A THE HEREDITARY free essay sample

Locke Essay, Research Paper A. THE HEREDITARY PRINCIPLE # 183 ; Locke wrote two of import treatises, the first of which is a unfavorable judgment of the philosophy of familial power. Sir Robert Filmer wrote Patriarcha or the The Natural Power of Kings published in 1680 in defence of the Godhead right of male monarchs. # 183 ; Harmonizing to Filmer, merely the male monarch makes Torahs, the male monarch is free of all human control, does non hold to pay attending to the Torahs created by his predecessors, and does non hold to follow his ain Torahs. The Lords of England merely were supposed to give advice. # 183 ; The Patriacha began by opposing the sentiment that # 8220 ; world is of course endowed and born with freedom from all subjugation and at autonomy to take what signifier of authorities it pleases. This is precisely opposite our fundamental law. # 183 ; Divine right of male monarchs came from the thought that God bestowed the kinly power upon Adam, from whom it descended to his inheritors, and finally reached the assorted sovereign of modern times. # 183 ; The church tended to believe in bounds of male monarchs. There was a conflict between male monarchs with their ground forcess and the Church which depended on inventiveness and holiness ( sanctity ) to cut down the power of male monarchs. # 183 ; Filmer said that male monarchs derived political power, non from any contract but wholly from the authorization of a male parent over his kids. # 183 ; The licking of the theories of Godhead right in England was due to two chief causes. One was the multiplicities of faith. [ In England the Church of England believed in bishops, in Scotland the Calvinists did NOT believe in bishops. The King of England was stuck seeking to believe in both, which was impossible. ] The second was struggle of power among the monarchy [ male monarch ] , the nobility [ princes and dukes ] and the higher middle class [ affluent people, largely affluent concern proprietors ] . # 183 ; The three parties made different combinations at different times, so the male monarch was weak when the other two groups were against him. # 183 ; Locke had no trouble pulverizing Filmer # 8217 ; s theory. If parental power was of import so a female parent # 8217 ; s power was merely every bit of import as a male parent # 8217 ; s so male monarchs and Queenss should be equal. Besides, if we pretend that Adam was a male monarch, so merely one progeny should be king and all the others were shams. Besides, parents merely have power over their kids for a short clip, non all their lives. # 183 ; Although the heredity rule is gone from political relations, it is present in economic sciences. Peoples still leave their money to their kids. B. THE STATE OF NATURE AND THE NATURAL LAW # 183 ; This was the portion of the 2nd treatise of Locke. He restated some old thoughts from other people like Thomas Aquinas. # 183 ; He supposed that there was a # 8220 ; province of nature # 8221 ; and a # 8220 ; jurisprudence of nature # 8221 ; that leads people to action. # 183 ; Locke believed in a # 8220 ; happy # 8221 ; province of nature which came from his reading of the Bible and the age of the patriarchs ( Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob ) . # 183 ; Locke believed that the province of nature was as follows: # 8220 ; Men populating together harmonizing to ground, without a common higher-up on Earth, with authorization to judge between them, is decently the province of nature. # 8221 ; # 183 ; He besides believed that no 1 ought to harm another in his life, wellness, autonomy, or ownerships. However, non everyone followed the province of nature and each individual had his ain reading of the province of nature. # 183 ; In order to protect against those who did non follow the jurisprudence of nature, civil authorities was formed as a societal contract. # 8220 ; The great and main terminal of work forces unifying into commonwealths, and seting themselves under authorities, is the saving of their belongings: to which in the province of nature there are many things wanting. # 8221 ; C. THE SOCIAL CONTRACT # 183 ; In the seventeeth century there were two thoughts about authorities. The first was the Godhead right of male monarchs. Aristocracy had assorted feelings because it kept the male monarch in power but kept the merchandisers out of power, which was good. # 183 ; Locke gave the 2nd type of government-the societal contract. It was an matter wholly of the universe, non something from God. # 183 ; Political power resulted and this power rested with the authorities. Harmonizing to Locke, # 8220 ; Political power I take to be the right of doing Torahs, with the punishment of decease, and accordingly al less punishments for the regulation and preserving of belongings, and of using the force of the community in the executing of such Torahs, and in the defence of the commonwealth from foreign hurt, and all this lone for the public good. # 183 ; Because the male monarch could be both the justice and at the same clip be impeaching person of something against him, it became evident that Judgess and executive ( presidents ) needed to be separate. # 183 ; The power of authorities by contract neer extends beyond the common good [ although it is non clear who is supposed to judge what is in the common good. ] D. PROPERTY # 183 ; Each adult male was supposed to have private belongings for his ain labour, for illustration, farming or bring forthing something. # 183 ; Locke besides believed that the value of something should be related to how much work it took to make it. This was the labour theory of value. # 183 ; The trouble with Locke # 8217 ; s thoughts is that merely truly worked in England before the industrial revolution. After that, if a individual, for illustration, worked in a auto mill and produced merely one portion of the auto all twenty-four hours long, there was no manner to find how much value they had added. E. CHECKS AND BALANCES # 183 ; The philosophy that the legislative, executive and judicial maps of authorities should be kept separate is characteristic of liberalism and is consistent with what Locke said. # 183 ; In all good designed authoritiess, Locke says, the legislative and executive are separate. # 183 ; Locke said nil about the bench. However, the supreme tribunal of the US is the best illustration of an independent bench. # 183 ; The state where Locke # 8217 ; s rule of the division of pweres has found its fullest application is the United States, where the President and Congress are entirely independent of each other, and the Supreme Court is independent of both. # 183 ; Locke # 8217 ; s political doctrine was equal and utile until the industrial revolution. # 183 ; The province of nature that Locke talked about still exists but now between states alternatively of people [ , because people formed states utilizing a societal contract ] . # 183 ; A new international Social Contract is necessary before we can bask the promised benefits of authorities. When one international authorities has been created much of Locke # 8217 ; s political doctrine will once more go applicable [ like no injury to one anoth Er. ] A. THE HEREDITARY PRINCIPLE # 183 ; Locke wrote two of import treatises, the first of which is a unfavorable judgment of the philosophy of familial power. Sir Robert Filmer wrote Patriarcha or the The Natural Power of Kings published in 1680 in defence of the Godhead right of male monarchs. # 183 ; Harmonizing to Filmer, merely the male monarch makes Torahs, the male monarch is free of all human control, does non hold to pay attending to the Torahs created by his predecessors, and does non hold to follow his ain Torahs. The Lords of England merely were supposed to give advice. # 183 ; The Patriacha began by opposing the sentiment that # 8220 ; world is of course endowed and born with freedom from all subjugation and at autonomy to take what signifier of authorities it pleases. This is precisely opposite our fundamental law. # 183 ; Divine right of male monarchs came from the thought that God bestowed the kinly power upon Adam, from whom it descended to his inheritors, and finally reached the assorted sovereign of modern times. # 183 ; The church tended to believe in bounds of male monarchs. There was a conflict between male monarchs with their ground forcess and the Church which depended on inventiveness and holiness ( sanctity ) to cut down the power of male monarchs. # 183 ; Filmer said that male monarchs derived political power, non from any contract but wholly from the authorization of a male parent over his kids. # 183 ; The licking of the theories of Godhead right in England was due to two chief causes. One was the multiplicities of faith. [ In England the Church of England believed in bishops, in Scotland the Calvinists did NOT believe in bishops. The King of England was stuck seeking to believe in both, which was impossible. ] The second was struggle of power among the monarchy [ male monarch ] , the nobility [ princes and dukes ] and the higher middle class [ affluent people, largely affluent concern proprietors ] . # 183 ; The three parties made different combinations at different times, so the male monarch was weak when the other two groups were against him. # 183 ; Locke had no trouble pulverizing Filmer # 8217 ; s theory. If parental power was of import so a female parent # 8217 ; s power was merely every bit of import as a male parent # 8217 ; s so male monarchs and Queenss should be equal. Besides, if we pretend that Adam was a male monarch, so merely one progeny should be king and all the others were shams. Besides, parents merely have power over their kids for a short clip, non all their lives. # 183 ; Although the heredity rule is gone from political relations, it is present in economic sciences. Peoples still leave their money to their kids. B. THE STATE OF NATURE AND THE NATURAL LAW # 183 ; This was the portion of the 2nd treatise of Locke. He restated some old thoughts from other people like Thomas Aquinas. # 183 ; He supposed that there was a # 8220 ; province of nature # 8221 ; and a # 8220 ; jurisprudence of nature # 8221 ; that leads people to action. # 183 ; Locke believed in a # 8220 ; happy # 8221 ; province of nature which came from his reading of the Bible and the age of the patriarchs ( Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob ) . # 183 ; Locke believed that the province of nature was as follows: # 8220 ; Men populating together harmonizing to ground, without a common higher-up on Earth, with authorization to judge between them, is decently the province of nature. # 8221 ; # 183 ; He besides believed that no 1 ought to harm another in his life, wellness, autonomy, or ownerships. However, non everyone followed the province of nature and each individual had his ain reading of the province of nature. # 183 ; In order to protect against those who did non follow the jurisprudence of nature, civil authorities was formed as a societal contract. # 8220 ; The great and main terminal of work forces unifying into commonwealths, and seting themselves under authorities, is the saving of their belongings: to which in the province of nature there are many things wanting. # 8221 ; C. THE SOCIAL CONTRACT # 183 ; In the seventeeth century there were two thoughts about authorities. The first was the Godhead right of male monarchs. Aristocracy had assorted feelings because it kept the male monarch in power but kept the merchandisers out of power, which was good. # 183 ; Locke gave the 2nd type of government-the societal contract. It was an matter wholly of the universe, non something from God. # 183 ; Political power resulted and this power rested with the authorities. Harmonizing to Locke, # 8220 ; Political power I take to be the right of doing Torahs, with the punishment of decease, and accordingly al less punishments for the regulation and preserving of belongings, and of using the force of the community in the executing of such Torahs, and in the defence of the commonwealth from foreign hurt, and all this lone for the public good. # 183 ; Because the male monarch could be both the justice and at the same clip be impeaching person of something against him, it became evident that Judgess and executive ( presidents ) needed to be separate. # 183 ; The power of authorities by contract neer extends beyond the common good [ although it is non clear who is supposed to judge what is in the common good. ] D. PROPERTY # 183 ; Each adult male was supposed to have private belongings for his ain labour, for illustration, farming or bring forthing something. # 183 ; Locke besides believed that the value of something should be related to how much work it took to make it. This was the labour theory of value. # 183 ; The trouble with Locke # 8217 ; s thoughts is that merely truly worked in England before the industrial revolution. After that, if a individual, for illustration, worked in a auto mill and produced merely one portion of the auto all twenty-four hours long, there was no manner to find how much value they had added. E. CHECKS AND BALANCES # 183 ; The philosophy that the legislative, executive and judicial maps of authorities should be kept separate is characteristic of liberalism and is consistent with what Locke said. # 183 ; In all good designed authoritiess, Locke says, the legislative and executive are separate. # 183 ; Locke said nil about the bench. However, the supreme tribunal of the US is the best illustration of an independent bench. # 183 ; The state where Locke # 8217 ; s rule of the division of pweres has found its fullest application is the United States, where the President and Congress are entirely independent of each other, and the Supreme Court is independent of both. # 183 ; Locke # 8217 ; s political doctrine was equal and utile until the industrial revolution. # 183 ; The province of nature that Locke talked about still exists but now between states alternatively of people [ , because people formed states utilizing a societal contract ] . # 183 ; A new international Social Contract is necessary before we can bask the promised benefits of authorities. When one international authorities has been created much of Locke # 8217 ; s political doctrine will once more go applicable [ like no injury to one another. ] 312

Monetary policy and the effects the policy has on the budgeting of New York City.

The public policy that is going to be reviewed in this paper is the monetary policy and the effects the policy has on the budgeting of New York City. Public policy refers to set of legislations adopted by various states to achieve a desired outcome in a given state or city. The public policies are backed by laws for them to be enforced by court of laws and in case one fails to observe them, he or she can be prosecuted.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Monetary policy and the effects the policy has on the budgeting of New York City. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In some countries or states, public policies are entrenched in the constitution. Public policies are formulated to achieve a desired goal in a given country. Some of the desired goals of public policies are to create employment or reduce the level of inflation to those acceptable in the country usually single digit inflation. Public policies are for mulated to ensure a certain level of investment is attainted. According to Woodford, 2003, monetary policies are public policies formulated by the Federal Reserve to achieve a certain goal in the economy. Monetary policies are formulated to control the supply of currency in the economy. It is worth noting that the Federal Reserve has a constitution mandate to control the supply of money in the economy. Excess supply of money in the economy leads to inflation. Inflation refers to general increases of prices of services and goods over a period of time. If the supply of money is more than the amount of goods produced in the economy, the prices of goods increases. This is because the purchasing power of residents increases. This causes the demand for goods to go high and since there is no additional products produced to satisfy the demand, prices of goods escalates thus creating inflation. On the other hand, supply of money in the economy is very low; the level of investment goes down a s goods produced are not demand. This has a negative effect on the growth of the economy. Thus the Federal Reserve has a responsibility of ensuring that there is optimum supply of money in the economy. This is achieved by the help of monetary policy (Woodford, 2003). During the financial crisis that the world economies experienced in recent past, the role of Federal Reserve was clearly exhibited. The Federal Reserve applied tools of monetary policy to reduce the effect of financial crisis. Financial crisis we experienced recently threatened to collapse our economy. As a matter of fact many people’s livelihood was affected as result and thus Federal Reserve applied monetary policies to arrest the situation. To begin with, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York reduced the base interest rate. The commercial banks borrow money from Federal Reserve which is in turn advanced to the people as credit (Galà ­, 2008). As a matter of fact Federal Reserve is a lender-of-last resort. In t he event where commercial banks have no money to advance to the customer, they turn to Federal Reserve for loans at a certain interest rate. The Federal Reserve is also regulators of commercial banks.Advertising Looking for coursework on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means Federal Reserve makes rules that must be adhered by commercial bank or risk punishment or even worse risk the withdrawal of their trading licenses. The low interest rate charge to commercial bank by Federal Reserve ensured that commercial banks can advance money to people at a low interest rate. This low interest motivates people to come for loans hence economic growth. The money advanced to people as loans was to ensure that certain level of investment is attained in the economy hence economic growth. The investment made also would create employment opportunities that are badly needed after many people lost their livelihood as a r esult of economic crisis. The low interest rate made credit accessible to people hence excess amount of money in circulation. The excess money in circulation led to inflation due to high demand of goods created by high purchasing power of citizens. Thus it is argued that the low interest rate that was meant to spur economic growth badly needed after the worst economic crisis in decades left the economy worse than it was before the intervention (Woodford, 2003). According to Lee et al 2008, another monetary policy that was adopted by Federal Reserve is that of bailing out companies and organizations that were considered very crucial to the economy of the United States. The financial crisis what was experienced recently led to collapse of companies hence loss of employment and revenue to the government. To avoid further loss of employment in the country, the United States government through Federal Reserve gave cash bail-outs to the companies that were at verge of collapsing. The nega tive effect of bail out was that tax payers’ money was put in the use in projects that were not popular thus most of American had a feeling that the bailout was not necessary thus wastage of taxpayers money. It was argued that bail-out gave some companies undue advantage to other companies who did not receive government assistance (Lee, Johnson Joyce, 2008). References Galà ­, J. (2008). Monetary Policy, Inflation, and the Business Cycle: An Introduction to the New Keynesian Framework. New York: Princeton University Press Lee, R., Johnson, W. Joyce, G. (2008). Public budgeting systems (8thed). Sudbury, MA: Jones and BartlettAdvertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Monetary policy and the effects the policy has on the budgeting of New York City. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Woodford, M. (2003).Interest and Prices: Foundations of a Theory of Monetary Policy. New York: Princeton University Press This coursework on Monetary policy and the effects the policy has on the budgeting of New York City. was written and submitted by user Bo B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.