Dependency Theory and Colonial Heritage Essay

Many have tried to draw upon the legacy of the colonial system to explain the reasons for underdevelopment in many areas of the world. Most areas that suffer from poverty today are former colonies the developed nations, for the most part, are former metropoles. The colonizers exploited their underlings in colonies, turning them into suppliers of cheap raw materials and restricting the infrastructure construction, leaving former colonies with only basic facilities. In many cases, when the colonizers departed, the nations were left with artificial boundaries that separated them from each other without regard for their historical development. This fuelled subsequent separatism and military conflicts, hampering economic progress. Thus, if one looks at straight-line boundaries in Africa which we are now learning in DS 202, it becomes obvious that those were artificially created. The colonizers, in particular the British Empire, were suppressing the industrial development in their colonies because they viewed them as sources of cheap imports and at the same time large markets for their industrial goods. An example of north-eastern Brazil that often surfaces in literature on underdevelopment, (Taylor 2001) claims that north eastern Brazil in the 19th century would have appeared to be an ideal place for a textile industry with its high quality cotton and existing demand for sugar bags cloth and slave clothing. However, to develop the textile industry, it would take years during which the industry should have been shielded from foreign competition with import tariffs and quotas. This was surely not something Britain would allow in its colony. As a result, the fledgling Brazilian textile enterprises proved unable to withstand the competition with Britain’s textile industry. Britain, like almost any metropole, was interested in selling to the colony, not de veloping industry inside it. As of 1822, when Brazil received independence, it was a larger export market for Britain than all the rest of Latin America combined (Taylor, 2001). Naturally, even as Brazil proclaimed independence, Britain did not want to lose this lucrative market and demanded a trade treaty with Britain which prohibited import substitution tariffs (Taylor, 2001). Brazil was forced into this treaty by its political weakness. In this way, former metropolitan powers keep control of their former colonies to varying extents, blocking their effective development. In newly independent nations of Latin America, for instance, the warfare that  often preceded proclamation of independence devastated regional and national economies (Kinsbruner 1994 pg 126). Although this perspective is not universally recognised, the IMF and the World Bank for imposing policies said to aggravate third world countries. The stated goals of both institutions are certainly to spearhead economic growth in nations they service with their financial programs. Critics , however , point out that loans from the World Bank and the IMF often come with conditions that block the road to sustainable development and make poverty even worse . The Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) imposed by the IMF as a prerequisite for qualifying for its loans often aggravate the deplorable condition of the third world nation. Thus, SAPs often call for reduction in government expenditures for health, education and other government services for the sake of debt repayment. In this way, third world nations are dragged into the quagmire of debt repayment, as their interest provides income for Wall Street banks and other financial institutions. IMF policies urge third world countries to increase their exports of raw materials and agricultural products in to cope with debt – an immediate concern. This, however, reduces the amount of food available to the poor inside the country and can lead to starvation second, does not create conditions for building processing industries that will increase value added inside the country. Besides, the IMF often demands for liberal market reforms that involve privatisation that, without proper prepa ration and evaluation of potential consequences, can lead to loss of jobs, aggravation of the social situation and civil unrest. Such measures lead to social discontent that can hamper the development of economies in developing countries. With respect to harmful policies imposed by the fund, Amin notes that the key to development is subordination of outside relations to the logic of internal development and not the reverse as it is happening when development policies are imposed by outside financial institutions (Amin, 1995 pg 10). The harmful role of the World Bank and the IMF in the development of poor nations is by no means indisputable. However, there are many criticisms aimed at the policies that accompany loans and the very idea of reaping interest income off the populations of the nations where starvation is a widely spread phenomenon. Political Aspects. Many regions of the world that demonstrate marked third world are characterised by overt concentration of power in the hands of a rich minority that uses this power to oppress the majority. For example, the North-eastern areas of Brazil that rely on sugar production as the primary source of income are seriously underdeveloped as compared to the rest of the nation. The property patterns in this region are the history of the dominant class manipulating social, political, and economic institutions so as to expropriate the maximum possible surplus from the rural workers (Taylor, 1978 pg 57). The economic interests of the land-owning class lay in extracting as much as possible from their plantations and workers as opposed to investing in the area. The result is miserable since an area that specialises in agricultural production cannot even feed its own citizens and has to import most of its agricultural produce from the rest of the nation. With a stagnant economic situation, the north-eastern Brazil has suffered from health education, and literacy standards that ended in a peasant revolt in the 1960s (Taylor, 1978 pg 157) Regional Inequalities. Many travellers to nations lik e China, India or the Caribbean are immediately impressed by the contrast between squalor of provincial areas and the apparent luxury of large cities and some ‘advanced’ areas. Regional inequalities contribute to underdevelopment, creating a situation when some areas are on their way toward modernisation, while others are forced into the backseat of social and economic progress. The importance of regional inequalities as source of underdevelopment is explored, for instance, in Andre Gunder Frank ‘s 1989 publication The Development of Underdevelopment (Frank 1989) challenges the view that third world nations are still going through the stages that more developed countries are done with. Instead, he asserts that problems of underdeveloped areas are the inevitable result of the capitalist system. The same, in his mind, is true of the regional disparities observed in the third world countries where the capital and larger cities often stand out as oases of advancement among the generally gloomy landscape around. The underdevelopment phenomena in the province are the products of the historical development of the capitalist system no less than are the seemin gly more modern or capitalist features of the national metropoles of the third world countries Frank (1989, pg 37). Education and Training. A well-trained and educated workforce is the necessary precondition for successful economic development. The presence of a large educated population contributes to India’s current rise as an outsourcing destination, although  it has so far failed to ensure overall prosperity in this nation. This problem, for instance, is addressed in Canadian programs targeting development of Aboriginal areas. The Indian entrepreneurship has to be supported with knowledgeable workforce that will attract capital flows to the areas. Although the fact that Native Americans missed the industrial revolution ‘ has its upside, as there is no need for re-training, integration of these people into the complex web of the global economy is a serious challenge (Kendall , 2001). Similar problems are experienced by many third world countries only in their case unlike the situation of Aboriginal populations in Canada, there is no strong nation to back them up in the efforts to increase their education. Cultural Factors. Culture, to some degree, can also adversely impact development or contribute to it. The modern world is patterned to a great extent after the Western cultures of the nations that have a dominant role in this world. Those that do not fit into these patterns will not achieve success as their development would ideally proceed along different lines. An example can be the case of Africa and Native Americans in Canada. Although living in a highly developed and prosperous nation, Native Americans, South Africa and even Zimbabwe, the Aboriginals fail to attain economic well-being. One reason that precludes their success is supposed to be their culture that envisages collective ownership and sharing of resources, as opposed to the idea of individual private rights that characterizes Western culture Kendall, (2001 pg 43). Industrial technology best develops in conditions that favour private ownership however, for these countries, it often means they have to abandon their cultural values which in most cases is not the case. CONCLUSION The difficulties of modernising and developing third world countries are multiple. More often than not different factors of third world countries will be present in areas affected by this problem, intertwined and perpetuating each other. Thus, the political situation marked by elite domination perpetuates economic inequalities that in their turn cause inadequacy of educational facilities and ensuing lack of local qualified specialists. Lack of medical services can lead to absence of effective family planning measures that in their turn lead to overpopulation and then to poverty as the national GDP struggles to catch up with economic growth.  Therefore, addressing a set of problems rather than separate issues is the cornerstone for building an effective development program.

Cultural Dimensions In Advertising

SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION CMNS 323-4 (W)* (D100) Instructor:Brad KingSpring Semester 2012 Email: [email  protected] ca Burnaby Day Twitter: @btcking ————————————————- CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN ADVERTISING Prerequisites: 60 units, including two of CMNS 220, 221, 223 or 226. CMNS 362 or 363 is strongly recommended. Overview: Advertising is everywhere in contemporary society. From television and the Internet, to newspapers and magazines, people are exposed to thousands of advertising ‘impressions’ every day.Beyond individual ads, media convergence, and the quest for ‘synergies’, has increasingly transformed all forms of culture into tools of marketing and promotion. What are the social, cultural, and political implications of these developments? How does advertising and ‘promotional culture’ affect the society in which we live, our value str uctures, belief systems, and our ideas about what constitutes ‘the good life’? Our primary objective is to critically explore contemporary advertising, as it connects to larger questions of society and culture.Our focus will NOT be on the ‘nuts and bolts’ of the advertising industry, nor will the course teach you how to create advertising campaigns, or how to design marketing strategies. Instead, we will draw upon different critical theories and empirical research methods, as a means of reflecting upon the broader social and cultural dimensions of advertising. We begin with a discussion of the relationship between advertising, promotional culture, and a social, economic, and cultural environment dominated by commodification.We then examine some of the dominant characteristics of post-modern advertising and promotional culture, using case studies of the representation of capitalism and the emerging phenomena of ‘green marketing’. In the latter h alf of the course, we broaden our focus beyond advertising texts to consider themes such as the marketing and promotion of pharmaceutical drugs, the commercialization of children’s culture, globalization, political advertising, consumer research and new media. _________________ This is a writing-intensive course. Students who began their degrees in Fall 2006 onwards must successfully complete at least two (W) courses, at least one of which must be upper division, preferably within the student’s discipline. It is strongly recommended that students take one (W) course as early as possible, preferably in their first 30 credits hours. Students are required to complete their first (W) course within their first 60 credit hours. †¦. over Course Format: The course is organized around a series of weekly themes that will be explored in lectures, readings and tutorial discussion.While there will be some overlap between the lectures, readings and tutorials, there will also be important material that is only covered in one or the other. In other words, you are expected to do the readings, attend the lectures and the tutorials to cover all the material that you will be tested upon and which you will have to draw upon in your research projects. Given that the course is writing-intensive, substantial tutorial time will be devoted to exercises and discussion designed to improve the writing skills of students.Participation in these exercises is a mandatory component of the course, thus students should be prepared to attend all tutorial meetings. The course is organized around a series of weekly themes that will be explored in lectures, readings and tutorial discussions. Required Readings: All course texts will be available on the course wiki. Grading: Grading is subject to confirmation in class. This is a tentative outline and subject to change. Creative Ad Project30% Final Paper55% Tutorial Participation15%The school expects that the grades awarded in this c ourse will bear some reasonable relation to established university-wide practices with respect to both levels and distribution of grades. In addition, The School will follow Policy S10. 01 with respect to Academic Integrity, and Policies S10. 02, S10. 03 and S10. 04 as regards Student Discipline (note: as of May 1, 2009 the previous T10 series of policies covering Intellectual Honesty (T10. 02) and Academic Discipline (T10. 03) have been replaced with the new S10 series of policies). Cultural Dimensions In Advertising SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION CMNS 323-4 (W)* (D100) Instructor:Brad KingSpring Semester 2012 Email: [email  protected] ca Burnaby Day Twitter: @btcking ————————————————- CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN ADVERTISING Prerequisites: 60 units, including two of CMNS 220, 221, 223 or 226. CMNS 362 or 363 is strongly recommended. Overview: Advertising is everywhere in contemporary society. From television and the Internet, to newspapers and magazines, people are exposed to thousands of advertising ‘impressions’ every day.Beyond individual ads, media convergence, and the quest for ‘synergies’, has increasingly transformed all forms of culture into tools of marketing and promotion. What are the social, cultural, and political implications of these developments? How does advertising and ‘promotional culture’ affect the society in which we live, our value str uctures, belief systems, and our ideas about what constitutes ‘the good life’? Our primary objective is to critically explore contemporary advertising, as it connects to larger questions of society and culture.Our focus will NOT be on the ‘nuts and bolts’ of the advertising industry, nor will the course teach you how to create advertising campaigns, or how to design marketing strategies. Instead, we will draw upon different critical theories and empirical research methods, as a means of reflecting upon the broader social and cultural dimensions of advertising. We begin with a discussion of the relationship between advertising, promotional culture, and a social, economic, and cultural environment dominated by commodification.We then examine some of the dominant characteristics of post-modern advertising and promotional culture, using case studies of the representation of capitalism and the emerging phenomena of ‘green marketing’. In the latter h alf of the course, we broaden our focus beyond advertising texts to consider themes such as the marketing and promotion of pharmaceutical drugs, the commercialization of children’s culture, globalization, political advertising, consumer research and new media. _________________ This is a writing-intensive course. Students who began their degrees in Fall 2006 onwards must successfully complete at least two (W) courses, at least one of which must be upper division, preferably within the student’s discipline. It is strongly recommended that students take one (W) course as early as possible, preferably in their first 30 credits hours. Students are required to complete their first (W) course within their first 60 credit hours. †¦. over Course Format: The course is organized around a series of weekly themes that will be explored in lectures, readings and tutorial discussion.While there will be some overlap between the lectures, readings and tutorials, there will also be important material that is only covered in one or the other. In other words, you are expected to do the readings, attend the lectures and the tutorials to cover all the material that you will be tested upon and which you will have to draw upon in your research projects. Given that the course is writing-intensive, substantial tutorial time will be devoted to exercises and discussion designed to improve the writing skills of students.Participation in these exercises is a mandatory component of the course, thus students should be prepared to attend all tutorial meetings. The course is organized around a series of weekly themes that will be explored in lectures, readings and tutorial discussions. Required Readings: All course texts will be available on the course wiki. Grading: Grading is subject to confirmation in class. This is a tentative outline and subject to change. Creative Ad Project30% Final Paper55% Tutorial Participation15%The school expects that the grades awarded in this c ourse will bear some reasonable relation to established university-wide practices with respect to both levels and distribution of grades. In addition, The School will follow Policy S10. 01 with respect to Academic Integrity, and Policies S10. 02, S10. 03 and S10. 04 as regards Student Discipline (note: as of May 1, 2009 the previous T10 series of policies covering Intellectual Honesty (T10. 02) and Academic Discipline (T10. 03) have been replaced with the new S10 series of policies).

Legal Memoradum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal Memoradum - Essay Example First, the subsistence of the situational constraint (the contract) is expected to be predominantly significant, which makes a cause more likely to be professed as causal. Yes, Mr. Moran can claim damages from the two companies namely, Mining Inc and Irving Cooper, Mr. Moran just need to file the commenced actions in the State of New York because he signed the negotiation with Mining Inc in Manhattan, and at the same he also have to file for the commenced actions in Minnesota because the principal company of Coal is there. We just received a frantic telephone call from our client, Coal Corp.. (a Colorado corporation) with its principal place of business in Minnesota. In September, 2004 Coal entered into a written contract with Mining, Inc. (a Montana corporation with its principal place of business in Montana) and Irving Cooper (a private entrepreneur who resides in New Jersey) pursuant to which Mining and Mr. Cooper agreed to manufacture and install for Coal a large quantity of electronic mining equipment which Coal needs in Minnesota. Joseph Moran (who resides in Butte, Montana) executed a written guarantee in which he guaranteed the due and prompt performance by Mining and Cooper under the contract. Moran sent the guarantee to Mining in Minnesota and Mining delivered the guarantee to Coal at the time the contract was executed. Mining and Cooper manufactured some of the equipment in its Minnesota specialty plant and installed that equipment. Mining and Cooper, however, have failed to perform several of their material obligations under the contract. As a result of their breach Coal has sustained, in its estimation, more than $1,000,000 in damages. Mining and Coal negotiated the contract in Manhattan. The contract which Mining and Coal executed at Kennedy Airport provides that any action for breach must be commenced within two years from the date of the breach. Cooper executed the contract the same day in New Jersey and sent it to Coal in Minnesota. The guarantee has a similar clause requiring that an action on the guarantee he brought within two ears fi-om the date of any breach of the contract (Cheeseman, 2004). According to the preliminary information we received, the initial breach of contract occurred two years ago today. Moran claims that John Rich (who now resides in St. Paul but was an officer of Buffalo Trust Co., in Buffalo New York at the time it, Buffalo Trust, lent Mining Inc. $500,000 in early 2004) together with Cooper and Coal fraudulently induced him into signing the guarantee and defrauded him into purchasing certain assets from Mining. Discussion Contracts are frequently utilized to bind an agreement among parties in order to make sure that the agreement is fulfilled. The complexity with contracts is that they provide the transacting parties an opening to credit to their support to the contract rather than to each other's reasonable or decent intentions. Consequently, contracts may keep a tight rein on interacting parties' enthusiasm or facility to judge each other as being generous or possessing reliability, and fundamental confidence may

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Compare and contrast - Essay Example Some studies have argued that the nutritional value of both fresh and frozen food is the same, and in some cases, can be higher for frozen/canned foods. This is exactly what has been suggested by a research conducted in 1997 by the concerned department in one of the American universities. Furthermore, research has concluded that canned pumpkins may provide 540% of Vitamin A versus 26% for the same amount of fresh pumpkins (Squires, 1997). Similarly, canned poultry and fish, which are high in protein content, remain unaffected by heat and, therefore, possess the same nutritional value as that of their fresh counterparts. In fact, the canning process ensures higher calcium content in canned poultry and fish than otherwise. On the other hand, differences in nutritional value between fresh and canned produce have been observed. This is because of the time at which the food is picked. Fresh food (including fruits and vegetables) contains highest nutritional value when purchased in season. Grocery stores often indulge in the practice of picking fresh produce before it is fully ripe. On the contrary, food picked for canning is often fully ripe. Thereafter, the heating process during the canning process destroys the vitamins resulting is lower nutritional value (Rinzler, 2011). According to one study, the amount of carotenoids (convertible into Vitamin A by human body) is depleted by the heating process in canned foods (Edwards & Lee, 1986). Furthermore, the use of chemical preservatives to prolong the shelf life of canned foods can prove to be highly unhealthy, yet deceptive. This is because, while the food may â€Å"appear† to be fresh, it may have become toxic or stale by being kept that way for a long time. I have personally experienced this when using a can of mushrooms where the mushrooms ‘appeared’ fresh but gave me food poisoning the next day of consuming it. Next, there exists controversy related to the cost of canned vs. fresh food. Most p eople seem to believe that canned food is more costly than fresh food. This is true, to some extent, because canned food costs groceries more to purchase compared to fresh foods (Price, 2012). Therefore, these high costs of purchase may be passed on to customers as high prices. Furthermore, the higher costs of canned food reflect the added convenience that people purchase when they pay a higher price for such food. Canned food can technically be bought at any grocery store or supermarket and may be ready to consume, requiring no prior preparations. The lower costs of fresh food are attributed to the lower convenience attached to such food as fresh food, including fruits and vegetables, may have to be cleaned, washed or prepared prior to consuming it. Owing to the convenience (no prior preparation required) offered by canned foods, it is no wonder that the working class has been drawn towards them in their busy routines (Strasser, McGovern, & Judt, 1998). On the contrary, there are s ufficient reasons to suggest that fresh and organic food costs significantly more than canned food. The term â€Å"organic† has given a new meaning to what was previously known as ‘fresh’ food. This label has increased the cost of the food possessing the label as organic produce, unlike canned and processed food, is usually free from harmful chemical fertilizers and pesticides (Ricke, Loo, & Johnson, 2012). Most

Review Questions Week 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review Questions Week 9 - Essay Example Leaders, such as Martin Luther King incorporated their command of oration and language through stylistic devices such as rhetoric and analogy to reach out to the masses. A charismatic leader has a vision that they work towards and are well equipped in communication techniques with which to share said vision with their followers. They have confidence, a strong conviction in their beliefs, and draw trust from their followers. They actively participate in their movements and are not afraid to take on risks. They strive towards creating formidable bonds with their followers and empower them towards bettering themselves. They use their strengths and admirable elements to sell their ideas to their audiences. Most notably, they are not ashamed or guilty of their beliefs and their ventures. Overtime, leaders have had characteristics that made their style of leadership charismatic. Martin Luther King can best be described as Trustworthy. Mahatma Gandhi through his wisdom brought about empowerment to his followers. Adolf Hitler, in an almost similar way, used his excellent communication skills to sell his beliefs. Nelson Mandela’s vision led to the developed establishment that South Africa is. David Koresh, in spite of his destructive doings, experienced no form of remorse or guilt whatsoever. J.F. Kennedy and Richard Branson are good illustrations of risk orientation and self promotion respectively. The theory of charisma can bear both negativity and positivity and hence its reference as a â€Å"double edged sword.† Leaders that bear positivity are those that empower others and are referred to as socialized charismatic leaders. Their counterparts are self centered and referred to as personalized charismatic leaders. The charismatic leadership theory falls short in its argument that charismatic leaders are identified from situations of crisis as opposed to the outstanding nature of

Research critique part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research critique part 2 - Essay Example Both the independent and dependent variables have been identified in the study. The independent variables were the task-oriented leadership, and relationship-oriented leadership. The dependent variable in the study relates to job satisfaction. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the 444 nurses. More to this, interviews were used to collect data from 40 ward managers, and 13 directors. The managers and directors also filled questionnaires after their interview. In addition, field observations in 40 wards were carried out to provide data for the study. The 444 nurses were too many to conduct interviews with them, thus had to use questionnaires to avoid the tedious process. Questionnaires also allow for fast collection of data. Interviews with and questionnaires for the managers and directors were used to collect specific information. The interviews were also used as they provided the researchers with an opportunity to clarify on certain things. The questionnaires to the 444 nurses were filled and were returned within the three to four days that observations took place in the respective wards. The interviews were also conducted during the week that the various wards were under observation, as well as filling of the questionnaires. Ward visits lasted between 20-30 hours per ward for the three or four days spent in a ward. A total of 900 hours were spent on the observations. The wards were visited one at a time, and the nurses issued with the questionnaire to fill in at their own time. The interviews also took place during the time the wards were visited for the first author to make observations. The data was analyzed by use of two-level analyses. These were the individual predictor and the ward-level predictors. Leadership style was the individual predictor. Use of teams, staff stability, and workload were the ward-level predictors. A software

Company profile and Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Company profile and - Annotated Bibliography Example Customer demographic for this app varies due to location, but mostly serves the middle to high-income individuals who are above the age of drinking. BarChick is made by a team of more than 100 individuals comprising of cocktail and bar industry experts, lifestyle writers, and party lovers among others who contribute ideas in the development of the app. The founder, BarChick, left her job as an event organizer to sample bars in London and other parts of the world for a pay. BarChick App seems to be one of the companies emerging because of the advancement in technology. The company’s app will penetrate the market because of the changing consumer need to look for bars they do not know. BarChick APP does not have a price point making it the most valuable app that brings convenience to most consumers. Its services will penetrate the market if it collaborates with others bar owners and include restaurants as it continues expanding its

Law of Attraction Fact or Folly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law of Attraction Fact or Folly - Essay Example The followers of concepts like law of attraction often find some of their wishes coming true immediately and the other few eluding them for their life. For example, they might get an intuition that some of their closed kith or kin might get caught in an accident which might eventually come true. But, they will be unable to predict sudden unemployment in their own life. Law of attraction is an art or a talent which can be perfected by constant practice to generate abundant prosperity. It can be made to work flawlessly, every time a person visualizes something provided they have the potential to garner such mighty energy. Law of Attraction – A Folly If thoughts become realities, why do people suffer? It is only logical that no person ever wants to suffer from a disease or be poor. Everybody shares the big American dream. Every person from a toddler to a hundred year old man wants to live life to the fullest. But, what makes them suffer from dreadful diseases like cancer causes unaccepted accidents and keep certain people revolving in poverty forever? Certainly, no person visualizes suffering. If law of attraction is true, why doesn’t a person eradicate all the evils from the world like war and disease just by thinking? Books like "The Secret" reinforces what we psychologists call 'argument from authority'. They quote several verses from great minds like Thoreau to Jesus and link them in favour of the law of attraction. The reader is given a message that both St. Augustine and Oprah Winfrey attained great success only through the law of attraction (Chabris & Simons, 2010).... Law of Attraction – The Fact Law of attraction mentioned in the movie secret is one of the most misunderstood ancient concepts interpreted in a factually distorting way by the modern gurus. The book and the movie packaged the concept very commercially that any person watching them will actually feel there is nothing one has to do except to visualize to reach great heights in the world (Kumar, 2009). Law of attraction is a sort of action inducer which will guide the person in the right path if they are able to visualize their destination very clearly. Our mind is like a computer. It gives us back what we think. The concept of garbage in – garbage out fits perfectly to our subconscious mind. Visualizing diseases and poverty – No person can consciously visualize disaster or disease. But, thousands of people have a hidden fear about the same. A patient who thinks about diseases often and hates everything related to hospital will eventually end up there for a long per iod. He will lead a healthy life if he focuses on thinking about leading a healthy life and visualizes indulging in lots of sports related activities. A prospective bride can either think he will never marry a lawyer and end up marrying one or alter her thoughts to think she is marrying a pilot and end up doing the same. The law of attraction helps us reinforce our thoughts in a positive way and make it come true eventually. Let us consider a middle aged lady with breast cancer. She will be terrified of what might follow and be scared day and night thinking about the pain and the financial crisis. Her mind will grant her everything she fears of. On the other hand, law of attraction urges her to replace these negative thoughts with

Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 25

Reading Response - Essay Example This leads us to two critically important questions. Is the modern liberation movement heading in the right direction or too much assertion is used to bring a change? Also, how long will it take to eradicate gender stereotypes from society? Feminist artists have contributed a lot to revolutionize the image of women. They have asserted through their works that a woman’s personality cannot be defined by men, rather she is herself the maker of meaning. This means that the status of women in society cannot be labelled submissive. It is important for a woman’s body to be seen through a woman’s eyes because this effectively disrupts the centuries old concepts held and promoted by men. Conventional femininity reinforces this male idea that women are delicate and docile (Frueh 194). So, modern feminist art has definitely focused on female body a lot in myriad different ways. This leads us to important questions. Does concentrating focus on female nudity in art contribute much to changing patriarchal views? Does feminist art play a significant role in emancipating

Marlow Lie Essay Example for Free

Marlow Lie Essay Victorian  viewpoint,  and  often  paints  them  as being  the  embodiment  of  the  more  pure  and  gentle  aspects  of  human  nature. Conrad  makes many  references  to  a  belief  that  women  live  in  an  ideal  world  which  is  separated  from  the  evil side  of  human  nature  explored  in  the  story,  emphasizing  that  they  must  be  protected  from  this darkness  at  all  costs. This  theme  can  be  justified  by  many  details  within  {em  The  Heart  of Darkness},  but  at  the  same  time  there  are  a  number  of  points  in  the  story  which  stand  in  stark contrast  to  this  portrayal  of  women  as  noble  and  exalted  creatures. One  of  the  first  incident  where  Conrad  discusses  women  in  an  idealized  manner  occurs  in  the very  beginning  of  {em  The  Heart  of  Darkness},  as  Marlow  is  about  to  depart  for  Africa. During his  final  meeting  with  his  aunt,  she  talks  to  him  of  how  noble  she  feels  the  Companys  attempts to  civilize  the  African  natives  are:  an  opinion  which  makes  her  nephew  rather  uncomfortable. Its  queer,  he  says,  how  out  of  touch  with  truth  women  are. They  live  in  a  world  of  their  own, and  there  has  never  been  anything  like  it,  and  never  can  be. It  is  too  beautiful  altogether,  and  if they  were  to  set  it  up  it  would  go  to  pieces  before  the  first  sunset.   Marlow  believes  that  women cannot  perceive  the  horrors  that  men  are  capable  of  because  they  are  so  distant  from  them  by virtue  of  their  sex. Another  graphic  example  of  this  attitude  comes  when  Marlow  makes  a reference  to  Kurtzs  fiancee,  known  as  his  Intended. He  says  of  her:  Oh,  she  is  out  of it ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­completely. They ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­the  women,  I  mean ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­are  out  of  it ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­should  be  out  of  it. We  must  help  them

A Critical Appraisal Of Emirates Airlines Public Relations Marketing Essay

A Critical Appraisal Of Emirates Airlines Public Relations Marketing Essay Virtual public relations may be defined as the utilization of news or print media to publicize the positive image of our company and its product and services along with its business operations methodology; it also includes creating and developing good relationships with local media representatives, customers and community. History: Emirates Airlines commenced its business operations in the year 1985, with the financial resources of $10 million and machinery resources of 2 rented aircraft. The formation of a company was the response of Gulf Air towards its cut back business operations. Its maiden flight commenced towards Karachi on 25th October 1985. Emirates Airlines created a remarkable record by earning maximum profit within 9 months of its business operations. New destinations have been supplemented by Emirates which includes Bombay, Cairo, Colombo, and Dhaka. After the end of two years it enhanced its destination to Europe commencing with London. Apart from them enormous destinations have been added by Emirates in rapid progression. Mission and Vision: Emirates Mission includes sustaining and maintaining the consistent growth of its business with a growth rate of 20% in the upcoming years. The Vision of Emirates is to create and sustain the market leadership which seems ahead of conservative track. Brief Description of Emirates Airlines: Emirates Airlines is the part of the Emirates Group, a leading group of UAE having its global presence in worldwide markets with an impressive brand image in the field of travel and tourism and aviation. The hub of Emirates Airlines is situated at the International Airport in Dubai and its group is possessed by the Government of Dubai. It is operated as the national airlines of Dubai and UAE. It has 2400 passenger flights per week providing services to the worldwide passenger to reach their destination. It is the top most airlines of the Middle East, winning maximum awards for its augmented business operations and services. Figure : Organizational Structure of Emirates Airlines: Media Relations of Emirates Airlines: Media relations helped a lot to keep the Emirates Airlines in the worlds media headlines. During the last year, the company has invested more than US$ 187.7 million for over 40600 media articles which is equivalent to the value invested for the advertisements. With the help of such investment, the company approached a great customer reach and media analysis shows that customer coverage gives an overwhelming and positive response. Emirates Airlines first A380 aircraft have grabbed the great media attention globally even though the Emirates airline is not the first airline to launch such aircraft. The renounce ceremony in Hamburg witnessed more than 800 journalists and celebrities. Through this ceremony, the media relations of the Emirates Airlines have received the global reach through interviews with the higher authorities of the company and the key aviation writers who have experienced the product and services of such new and innovative aircraft. During the six month campaign of such launch and renouncement, the company has received more than 1000 media requests to provide the information and images of the newly innovative product. Due to these strong media relations of the company, more than 1000 aviation and lifestyle writers have experienced the services of the newly launched product and provide their positive feedback by awarding it as a next generation aviation technology and travel comforts through such media only which ultimately affect the global customer reach and helps to attract more and more potential customers. The opening of new Emirates terminal 3 at the Dubai International Airport was spread among the advisories and travelers through these strong media relations of the company. Media relations emphasized various aspects of the new terminal in order to enhance the features to the customers which attracted a vast potential customer range towards the products and services of the company. In order to strengthen the Media Relations, the company organizes media tours, video recording and photography opportunities for various journalists in every six months. Besides the main news of the company, the global media relations also provides the media coverage to the launch of various other destinations of the company in all over the global market which attracts the potential customers towards the five star best airlines of the world. Media relations also support various other differentiated products of the company such as luxury hotels through public relations strategy and they also provide media support for facilitating its portfolio to other hotels. The internal awareness team of the company has launched a new interactive group world which keeps watch over the internal campaigns through integrating all the channels of communication including media relations which provides strength to the company to enhance the customer reach. Community Relations of Emirates Airlines: Community relations include the social responsibility of the company towards the stakeholders which affects the success of the company a lot. With the advent of liberalization of traffic rights, the Emirates Airlines have developed a new department of public affairs and government engagements. The department of public affairs launches a campaign in order to help the company in lowering down the air passenger duty by the UK government. It had launched a new publication which shares the airline industry news and related international policy news. This feature is also added to the website of the company. Industry affairs are trying its level best to represent the Emirates airlines at the IATA agency and services conference in relation to both the passengers and the cargo operations. The Company also has joined the Billing and Settlement Plans with 99 other countries. The industry affairs initiate the web sales through the industrial banks facilitated by the travel agents and thus adopt the IATA resolution changes. The environmental affairs launch various environmental policies which tend to make the Emirates Airlines as the most Eco friendly airlines of the world. The ever largest single recycling program is the part of such projects which tends to collect thousands tones of paper, cardboard, plastic and aluminum from the various buildings concerned with the company. Consumer Relations of Emirates Airlines: Consumer relations are very essential for any company in order to satisfy them with the product and services through resolution of their problems and complaints and make them the loyal customer for the future course of time. For enhancing the consumer relations, Emirates Airlines have separate Customer Affairs and Service Audit (CASA) centers at various locations of each destination which understand and resolves customer problems and complaints. Last year, CASA continued to be decentralized by opening a new office in Johannesburg, Osaka, Hong Kong, and Tehran which adds the strong network to the existing CASA centers at UK/Europe, America, Australia, New Zealand and India. The development of such network helped the company in handling the complaints of the customers as it has shown 50 percent improvement in solving out such problems. This center helps the customers to be dealt with concern at the local level itself and their problems get solved more effectively than earlier. Due to this service improvement in handling problems, 66 % reduction in Baggage Claim Processing has been observed. The company is planning to develop the training and development plan for the CASA employees so as to improve their skills in handling the customer problems more efficiently and effectively. The Knowledge Portal will support such plan in order to share the related data and information. CASA shows an empathetic, caring and personalized behavior towards solving the customer problems and complaints and providing full support to the customers to satisfy their expected standards and quality to make them loyal customer for the products and services of the company. In order to sustain the growth, quality standards and reputation of the company, the Service Audit Team continuously controls and monitors the standards of products and services. The Mystery Shopper team of the company monitors and evaluates the contribution of the staff towards maintaining the expectations of the customers. Service Audit evaluates all the customer services regularly in order to deal with the customers more effectively. These services involve service delivery, airport services, skywards, and the call centers operated worldwide to solve the customer problems. Discussion: Though the public relations of Emirates Airlines impact a lot on the international media and the potential customers yet the company PR need to adopt various changes as per the requirement of competitive environment in order to take the full competitive advantage of the global international market. Though the company has the strong media relations which provide a great exposure to every event held in the company and the company also provides great opportunities of news and events to the media yet there are various changes which are yet to be implemented. These changes involve the use of social media for strengthening the media relations of the company. Now a day most of the companies are using social media such as Facebook, twitter, MySpace and various other social networking sites in order to have great exposure from the customers and the media. The same development is applied to the customer handling departments, to provide ease to the customers for communicating their problems and complaints, most of the companies are now taking help of social networking sites and the internet which is the quick and easy means of communication nowadays. The community relationships such as social events and other environmental initiatives are now being spread and run through the social networking sites by various companies. In this relation the Emirates Airlines are lacking as it is not using the easiest and the renowned means of public relations and communication. Though the company is developing various kiosks to handle the customer requests, problems and complaints, though it is taking various environmental and industry affairs initiatives, though it is providing various opportunities of media exposure, yet it needs to use the social networking sites as the strongest and prominent means of public relations in order to strengthen the orga nization efficiently and effectively. In relation to customer problem and complaints handling, the initiative of the company to run CASA ad providing training to the employees to solve the problems and complaints of customer effectively is really appreciable as compared to the other companies of the same industry. The media opportunities and other community development initiatives of the company are remarkable and appreciable in relation to fulfilling the corporate social responsibility. Conclusion: Â  Public Relations play a very prominent role in maintaining good rapport with the customers, media and community. Public relation helps in spreading information regarding the company to the target group of customers. It serves as the most cost effective tools of promotion which helps with the publicity of the companys products and services. The information publicizes through public relation are comparatively effective on a long term basis and on the large geographical areas in comparison to other promotional tools and techniques. Emirates Mission includes sustaining and maintaining the consistent growth of its business with a growth rate of 20% in the upcoming years. The Vision of Emirates is to create and sustain the market leadership which seems ahead of conservative track. The Public Relation of Emirates Airlines with the customers, media and community prove to be very helpful in the accomplishment of its aforementioned mission and vision and it is also the secret behind its success and market dominance in UAE. In relation to Public relations department, the company is doing well and most of its initiative is appreciable yet there are various changes and updating as per the competitive environment which are needed to be adopted and applied in order to have pace with the changing business environment.

A Victory For Clinton :: essays research papers

A Victory For Clinton   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another four years, another new president? The election of 1996 for president moves closer everyday as the republican Robert Dole, and the president Bill Clinton fight it out. Far behind and by all means out of the race is Ross Perot. The polls show Dole-Kemp behind Clinton-Gore, and the results will stay this way for several key reasons. Clinton will serve another four years as president since Americans know what to expect from him as president. On several key issues, such as the budget, Dole has provided the voters with vague ideas on how he will tackle his promises. As three key issues are examined we find Dole to make claims that can easily be doubted. Clinton's claims and views are backed up with four years of experience. Clinton's four years as president has seen a stable economy, and he will try to keep this up for another four years. The balancing of the budget proves to stand as one of the largest issues going into the election.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dole has talked about putting up 23% of federal spending up for cuts. Dole has also said he will not touch the areas of social security, defense, interest on the debt, Medicare, Medicaid, veterans benefits, military pensions, and the Energy Department research labs with cuts. This means under Dole we would be likely to see cuts in national parks with the number of rangers, the Border Patrol with fewer agents, the Bureau of Prisons with fewer prison spaces, NASA with fewer space shuttle flights, the FBI with fewer agents, drug interdiction with 2,960 fewer DEA agents, and education with fewer students in Head Start. On the record Dole has suggested cuts in the Energy Department, and the possibility of also eliminating the Commerce Department. These cuts alone would not achieve the goal of eliminating the budget deficit by 2002 which shows why Dole's ideas are too vague. In the reality for a balanced budget Transportation and the FBI could face cuts of up to 40%. Clinton, on the other hand, focuses his cuts on other areas in order to meet the seven years standard on balancing the budget. Clinton would plan to make the majority of his cuts on Medicare, Medicaid, and welfare. Clinton has already started dipping into these areas by passing the welfare reform act. The president's ideas are more focused on these specifics of balancing the budget which is why he will most likely be re-elected. Another decisive area in the 1996 elections exists in the area of taxes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taxes, always a big issue to voters, will be another key to winning the

The Pros and Cons of Collective Bargaining Essay -- Collective Bargain

　Discuss the pros and cons of Collective Bargaining and explain their significance for improvements in labour productivity. 　　 　　â€Å"Collective bargaining can be defined as a process whereby trade unions, representing workers, and employers through their representatives, treat and negotiate with a view to the conclusion of a collective agreement or renewal thereof.† (Morris L. 2002). Collective bargaining may also include the process of resolving minor or major conflicts between labor and management or their agents. Therefore it essentially can be seen as a mutually recognized system of industrial jurisprudence creation. Collective Bargaining can act as an introduction to civil rights in the respective industry, but that can only happen if management is conducted by rules and regulations an not by arbitrary decision making processes. It defines and restricts the traditional authority exercised by management by the establishment of rules. 　　 　　Collective Bargaining has a number of objectives that are geared towards work life improvement. The first objective of collective bargaining is Workers’ participation, in the organizational decision-making. collective bargaining gives the worker an opportunity to participate in some areas of company direction such as the formation of rules and regulations. Participation leads to the enhancement of the quality of the enterprise condition thorough the employees’welcomed productive suggestions, as the are the ones who are familiar with the actual working realities of the enterprise. This also can assist in the boosting of the employees’ morale, self-esteem and cense of belonging, thus leading to an enhanced feeling of commitment to the organization. The second objective is the resolution of ind... ...e-of-collective-bargaining.html>. http://www.shvoong.com/business-management/human-resources/1923283-collective-bargaining-objectives/#ixzz30HKnBRdH References Dessler,G. and Varkkey,B. (2009) Human Resource Management. Eleventh Edition.Pearson Education. Howell, C. (2007) Trade Unions and the state: The Construction of Industrial Relations Institutions in Britain, 1890-2000. Princeton University Press Khan, J. and Soverall, W. (2007) Gaining Productivity. Arawak publications. Morris, R. L. (2002)"Chapter 2 The Collective Bargaining Process." New Issues in Collective Bargaining: A Caribbean Workers' Education Guide. Port of Spain: ILO. Pp 12-22. Print. Salamon, M. (2000). Collective Bargaining. In: Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall (ed), Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice. 4th ed. (pp.321 - 368.) England: Pearson Education Limited.

The Movie Othello :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

The Movie Othello The movie Othello is full of very believeable and well developed characters. As it is a tradgedy, thought, we have to have a victim or victims, in this case Othello, and the cause of their misery, which is Iago. Iago manipulates Cassio, Roderigo, Emilia, and Othello, useing a variety of methods. Iago's plots are skillfully crafted with multiple levels of intrigue. Iago also pays attention to the smallest detail, proveing his skill as a villian. Thus, Iago is a masterful villian who manipulates all those around him. Iago manipultes Cassio, Roderigo, Emilia, and Othello in several ways. Cassio is manipulated by Iago first getting him fired. Then, under the guise of friendship, Iago suggests that Cassio ask Desdemona for help in getting reinstated. This is an ingenius move on as his part, as Cassio must pursue Desdemona's help behind Othello's back. Roderigo is manipulated by Iago's telling him to pursue Desdemona, even though Desdemona is already married. Although this is a blatent lie on Iago's part, as the viewer sees not a single hint that Desdemona even acknowledges Roderigo's existance, it is so cleverly delivered to Roderigo that he takes as a fact, even when the facts show otherwise. Iago controls Emilia through her love that she has for him. He uses her love of him to get her to steal Desdemona's handkerchief. Othello is manipulated by suggestion and hints that are carefully worded and said at just the right moment. Each one weakens his faith in Desdemona a little more. Then Iago produces "evidence" to add weight to his innuendos. The evidence is so believeably delivered and Othello already so incenced by Iago's words that Othello does not even question the truth of what he sees. This skillful manipulation of those around qualifies Iago as a supreme villian. Iago's plots are skillfully crafted and contain multiple levels of intrigue. Iago gets Cassio drunk and disorderly until he starts a fight. Iago then goes to Othello and tells him that he should not allow such behavior and to fire Cassio. Then Iago convincea Cassio to pursue Desdemona's help on the sly. Finally, Iago uses Cassio's pursuit of Desdemona on the sly as proof of their

Evolution of Bipedality in Humans Essay

Bipedalism is a capacity, mostly associated to humans, to use two legs in locomotion. Its origin has been given importance and served as a topic of long debate among experts due to the possibility that this form of locomotion gave way for the development of modern human characteristics. Thus, a lot of theories were proposed and established in order to provide the logical explanation on its origin and development. The burden of dealing with this classical issue lies on the fact that locomotion is an activity that can not be fossilized. However, the Australopithecus afarensis fossils, the earliest hominid from Ethiopia and Tanzania, were found to live 3 million years after the appearance of hominid lineage around 6. 5 million years ago (â€Å"Bipedalism,† 2000). These fossils in a way may serve as evidence not only of bipedal locomotion but also hominid dental characteristics similar to apes. Bipedalism enabled humanoids to create tools used for the sustenance and defense of life and is also observed in other animal species (Dhingra and Jablonski, 2004). This trait is commonly attributed as a product of evolution for it coincided with the physiological development of the human brains. As such, bipedal locomotion has gone a very long and different history within animal kingdom. Bipedal Locomotion Human locomotion is described as a smooth flow of a series of actions including swing and stance phases (â€Å"Bipedalism,† 2000). In the swing phase, one leg shoves off through the toe then swings in slightly flexed position. As the foot creates contact on the ground through the heel, the leg becomes and remains extended to support the body. Then, as the leg moves in the swing phase, the body moves in the stance phase. On the other hand, chimpanzees are not capable of extending their knee-joints for a straight leg in the stance phase. They exert muscular power to support their bodies while their leg flexed gait denotes lack of toe off and heel strike in the swing phase. The human anatomical structure is fully developed for terrestrial locomotion while chimpanzee anatomy is adapted for climbing and knuckle walking (â€Å"Bipedalism,† 2000). Human anatomical adaptations include extensive and curved lower spine, a shorter and broader pelvis, a longer lower limbs and enlarged joint surface areas. In the swing phase, the weight of the body is shifted to the supporting leg while the balance is maintained at the unsupported side in the stance phase through contraction of gluteal abductor muscles in the hip. In chimpanzees, the gluteal abductors are not fully developed and their thigh bones do not slope inwards as in humans. Their feet are normally a little bit apart and in walking, they tend to shift their upper bodies from side to side so as to transfer the weight on each leg. It is a fact then that chimpanzees and gibbons can move through bipedal locomotion. Thus, as viewed by anthropologists, bipedalism is a hominid distinct adaptive capability (â€Å"Bipedalism,† 2000). Humanoids spend less energy through bipedalism than quadrupedalism because at a normal walking speed, the legs in a forward motion swing like pendulum then bringing back the forward momentum by slowing the swing foot before the fall (Hawks, 2005). Hence, this requires less muscular activity and energy than knuckle-walking. Moreover, bipedalism raises the head which gives a sharp range vision around the environment and making hands available for carrying tools, food items or other works. However, for early humanoids, bipedalism can offer disadvantages (Hawks, 2005). Without the ability to grasp through feet makes them unsecured from their predators. The loss of grasping foot made difficult for the early humanoids to climb through tress and escape predators, and for their young in clinging to their parents. Researches Findings Biologist and anthropologists have debated over bipedalism and proposed different hypotheses for possible explanation. However, these theories have their respective strengths and weaknesses on the plausible understanding with bipedal locomotion. Most of these theories correlated bipedalism to the animal species’ ventures on the savannah areas and was supported by the discovery of Lucy, a 3. 5 feet humanoid (Johanson, n. d. ). Standing up in savannah gives stunted humanoids a vigilant view on possible threat from their predators. Standing up in reaching out for foods is another possible explanation. In addition, an upright posture may also help our ancestors in cooling their bodies against the sultry environment. In the postural feeding hypothesis of Hunt (1994), bipedalism has evolved from the early habitual bipedal locomotion of humanoids due to arboreal food gathering. The behaviour of chimpanzees and the anatomical structures of australopithecine conformed to this ecological model. Eighty percent of bipedal locomotion in chimpanzee was observed during feeding with arm-hanging stabilizing the posture. In addition, the upper body anatomical structures of australopithecines were ascribed to arboreal bipedal fruit gathering adaptation. The behavioural model of Lovejoy (1981), on the other hand, attributed bipedalism to the social, sexual and reproductive behaviours of early humanoids. Their sexual characteristics and anatomical structures were believed to be an implication of monogamous mating. This sexual attitude led to provisioning behaviour of the humanoid male species wherein their upper limbs were used in giving food stuffs to their mates. Even Charles Darwin constructed a model in providing a logical explanation for humanoid origin and bipedalism. He postulated that bipedalism resulted from the terrestrial adaptation of quadrupedal species and the necessity for subsistence, required to giving freedom for hands to accommodate other activities such as making tools for food hunting (Hawks, 2005). Aside from this, he also assumed that the habitat change from woodland to savannah paved the way for the less importance of climbing. Then, other researchers augmented Darwin’s assumptions by elaborating that living in savannah made early humanoids to be vigilant over tall grasses and adapt in its sultry condition (Hawks, 2005). Thus, bipedalism provided them means for adjustments at these conditions by standing up leading to less sun exposure of the body. This model became the savannah model or killer-ape hypothesis. The aquatic theory and the theory on the use of tools are deemed to offer unreliable explanation (Johanson, n. d. ). Most of the time, primates avoid water due to ferocious predators. On the other hand, stone tools only appear around 2. 6 million years ago as contrasted with the 4. 2 million year-evidence of bipedal locomotion. According to Johanson (n. d. ), it is much better for the theorists to look not into the reason for the upright posture of our ancestors but rather on the advantages for the early humanoids that resulted to a behavioral change from quadrupedalism to bipedalism. Videan (2002) tested the different hypotheses for bipedalism (cited in Dhingra and Jablonski, 2004). The Carry Hypothesis described bipedalism as an adaptive means in the exploration of natural resources while carrying children, tools or foodstuffs. The Forage Hypothesis viewed it as a means towards the food gathering facilitation. Also, the notion that bipedalism gives animal species a sharp sense of sight in order to find good habitats; prey or escape from a predator is called as Vigilance Hypothesis. Display Hypothesis on the other hand, explained bipedalism as a gesture of threat for animal species. Based on the result of this study, Videan (2002) successfully correlated Carry, Vigilance, and Forage Hypotheses towards environmental adaptation of animal species. Nevertheless, the Display Hypothesis gave explanation for the sexual attraction among animal species. Dhingra and Jablonski (2004) scrutinized the bipedalism in several animal species like lizards, birds, kangaroos, and dinosaurs. They concluded that bipedalism resulted from animal’s natural attempt to adapt to their changing environment such as in escaping from predators or catching a prey, and in giving way to bodily parts for other functions like the forelimbs in humanoids for feeding and wings of the birds for flying. According to Stanford (2006), arboreal bipedal gait is different from arboreal quadrupedal stance for he observed that while feeding in tree crowns, Bwindi chimpanzees changed smoothly from four-legged to three-legged and even two-legged posture. This shift may have occurred in early humanoids. Modern gorillas are terrestrially adapted but based on observations; even adult male gorillas climb into tall trees for food. Thus, it is also possible for early humanoids to adapt a variety of bipedalism based on their ecological conditions. More than this, few evidences speak for terrestrial adaptation of modern chimpanzees considering the fact that they used to travel primarily on the ground and stay on trees only for sleeping or feeding purposes. These observations may denote the possibility of behavioral plasticity and arboreality in early humanoids. Based on the review conducted by Richmond, Begun, and Strait (2001), about the different studies on bipedalism, humans evolved from knuckle-walking and climbing ancestor as portrayed by evidences. These include terrestrial characteristics in the hands and feet, climbing skeletal structure, and knuckle-walking attributes in the wrist and hands. These features narrowed down the list of theories concerning bipedalism. Evidences from the paleobiology and paleoenvironments weakened the postulates based on monogamous social structure and open savanna-based bipedalism hypotheses. Rather, they suggested giving more importance on hypotheses based on food acquisition and carriage and a deep anatomical examination on the extant anthropoid behaviors. Conclusion No single factor may completely explain the origin of bipedalism. Perhaps the concoction of the factors considered in each theory that are deemed to be valid may provide much reliable reason for bipedal locomotion. The lack of complete knowledge on the anatomical structure of the early humanoids is a great burden in gaining a complete understanding on the origin of this locomotion (Hawks, 2005). Perhaps, a simple way of explaining bipedalism is that bipedal locomotion evolved as a result from the changes in the environment or social structure that is due to the availability of dietary resources to sustain life. It is hypothesized that in the late Miocene period, hominid food sources dispersed in some areas which forced hominids to travel, thus, led to the development of locomotion anatomical structures (â€Å"Bipedalism,† 2000). References Bipedalism. Human Evolution. Retrieved November 6, 2008, from http://www. stanford. edu/~harryg/protected/chp15. htm Dhingra, P. and Jabslonski. (2004). Comparative Bipedalism – how the rest of the animal kingdom walks on two legs. Retrieved November 6, 2008, from http://www. philosophistry. com/static/bipedalism. html Hawks, J. (2005). Why be bipedal? Retrieved November 6, 2008, from http://johnhawks. net/weblog/topics/bipedalism/why_be_bipedal. html Hunt, K. D. (1994). The Evolution of Human Bipedality. Journal of Human Evolution, 26, 183-202. Johanson, D. (n. d. ). What the Evidence Suggests. Retrieved November 6, 2008, from http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/allfours/bipe-johanson. html Lovejoy, C. O. (1981). The Origins of Man. Science, 211, 341-348. Richmon, B. G. , Begun, D. R. , and Strait D. S. (2001). Origin of Human Bipedalism: The Knuckle-Walking Hypothesis Revisited. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 44, 70-105.

Article Review on Mental Illness

Jennifer Tozier Compentency Assignment 1, Review #2 Dr. Besthorn 09/15/2012 I chose to write my article review on the article entitled, â€Å"How clinical Diagnosis Might Exacerbate the Stigma of Mental Illness. † It is a not new concept that people are consistently drawn to a labeling others with a stigma, and this article delves into how we as social workers can (unintentionally) either encourage that stigma or hinder it based on the presentation to the client and to the public. A key point to the article talks about three kinds of potential ways stigma hurts a client.The first was being label avoidance. Many people do not want to admit to a mental illness, let alone get it treated because of how they might be perceived. Those that can admit having a mental illness and seek services may feel a certain stigma that then draws them back, and they avoid treating the problem, after they have confirmed that they, in fact, do suffer from the illness. They are afraid of being labele d in society or among their peers. The second stigma is blocked life goals. When suffering from a mental illness, everyday life can be and often is hard for the client.Without treatment, the stress of daily life can inhibit the client from seeking opportunities such as work, school, family and friends. Without these life goals being fulfilled, the mental illness takes control of the clients’ life and they are fixed from advancing in the everyday life. The third way a stigma hurts a client is the self-stigma. This is where the client begins to believe what is being said about them and their problem. It further exacerbates the problem because they not only deal with the issue of mental illness but feel judged in every encounter; this changes their behavior and creates a greater issue.This article also discusses the diagnosis of a mental illness in regards to â€Å"groupness† and the â€Å"differentness† aspects of how the public distinguishes people with mental is sues. This looks into the stereotypes and over generalizations and how it relates with mental illness and the general public. Mental illness while it may be more prevalent in some groups, it is an equal opportunity illness and can affect anyone regardless of age, race, financial status, or occupation. The article does an excellent job of describing how once a person is diagnosed with a mental llness it draws diversity in how they might be labeled and construed in society, similar to how they might be treated if they were a minority group. Research shows that this stigma â€Å"groups† individuals once they have been diagnosed with a mental illness, regardless if the client demonstrations any abnormal characteristics. The author did a terrific job of discussing the different stigmas that mental illness produces. It talked about how society or the majority labels a person with mental illness and the way a person can label themselves, both which produce disastrous results.I can s ee that this is a relevant article in the field of social work, because social workers can shape the way the client is perceived, both by the majority and the client all in the way they identify the illness. I understand that the article is talking about how the diagnosis can exacerbate the stigma, but I did not get a strong hold on ways to diagnosis it in an improved approach. The paragraph talking about diagnosis as a continuum seems like the closest point of reference for me, as an approach, but as it suggested this dimensional approach is not familiar to most clinicians.It seems once again there is only so far workers can go, with the limited knowledge we have obtained through research to date. The theory that I associated with the article is social learning theory. I came to that conclusion for several reasons mainly, because social learning theory suggests that human behavior is learned as individuals. The article talks about how people who have been diagnosed at times will no t seek treatment solely because of how they will be stigmatized.The problem behavior will not be treated and will remain a problem because a stigma will be placed on that individual if they admit the problem and get treatment. I think that using the social learning theory as a mode of treatment can be possible if the social worker can convince the client that if they get treatment and function in a â€Å"normal† way they will have a better quality of life. The article talked about how the social worker defines the mental illness and relays the information not only to the client, but also to other mental health providers is a determining factor on how it will be perceived.It is our ethical responsibility treat the client with dignity and respect, therefor when discussing the mental illness we need to be sure to use professional terms and be 100% correct before we unintentionally put a stigma on our client, they may put undue hardship in their life. When engaging with a client with mental illness it is necessary to discuss with them what they can expect, from meeting with the mental health provider all the way through treatment. Also to find out what they expect from the process.It is vital to let them know that they will have issues to deal with such as social stigma, but a road to treatment will give them a better quality of life. Mental illness affects people every day. Simply because of the stigma attached to it, people do not want to admit they have a problem. This is an implication because if more people could be honest and upfront social workers and policy makers could be given more time, resources, and attention to create policies that would benefit those struggling. The more resources and policies available the better chance that people suffering from mental illness will not have to deal with a stigma.

Salvador Dali – Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around

Salvador Dali went to the art school Academia De San Fernando in Spain, and rather than taking it seriously, he dressed oddly and preferred to daydream during classes. He was expelled. The rise of Franco in Spain led to Dalais expulsion from the Surrealist movement, but that did not prevent him from painting. He later married Elena Dinnertime Additional, or simply known as Gala, which became his muse and inspiration. When Dali was still in school, he studied many artist movements in which one was Dada, a post-World War I anti-establishment cultural movement.Although political, it philosophically influenced his paintings. He also traveled to Paris, France and met up with Pablo Picasso, whom he highly respected. He also met Joan Mirror, Paul Alular and Rene Emigrate, who introduced Dali to Surrealism. Dalais paintings became associated with three general themes: depicting a measure of man's universe and his sensations, the use of collage; and objects charged with sexual symbolism, and ideographic imagery.Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee around a Pomegranate a Second before Awakening, or Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee for horn, shows quite a few of his themes, including sexual symbolism depicted by Gala Dali his wife, his idea of the degree of universe in a dream and also collages of images from his dream. And © Breton, whose manifesto the Surrealist movement was based off, first formed surrealist art: â€Å"Pure psychic automatism, by which one proposes to express, either verbally, in writing, or by any other manner, the real functioning of thought.Dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason, outside of all aesthetic and moral preoccupation. † Surrealism was illogical, unexpected Juxtapositions of disparate elements in collages, and at first, it was a highly controversial movement, often insisted to be referred to as ‘revolutionary'. The group's works consisted of unreal and or dreamlike images of everyday objects , twisted and distorted into paintings and writings of ‘art'.In Dream Caused by a Flight of a Bee, it is extremely perverse for a fish to burst out of a pomegranate, then to spew out a tiger, which in turn spews out another one tiger and a bayonet – only to sting Gala in the arm. It is clear that this is an image that was enervated by the mind, and shown on canvas. Although it seems exceedingly impossible, the style of art is intended to be generally surreal. Dali chose to paint Gala as his subject because he loved her so much; she was his motivation and source of his creativity.Due to his desolate past, he had probably not been as close to anyone as much as Gala to use her as his subject in many of his paintings, including Dream Caused by a Flight of a Bee. It shows us as viewers a glimpse of his personal life, his choice of thought to put his subjects in a certain composition. Dream Caused by a Flight of a Bee was composed very well, as it has a clear meaning, as well as it showing through in the title of the piece. Formal Analytical Framework Dream Caused by a Flight of a Bee was painted with oil paints on canvas, which allows for the realistic finish of unrealistic matter.The fine details were rendered by brush, which creates the smooth appearance. Salvador Dali has used many elements and principles, which are incorporated to make Dream Caused by a Flight of a Bee. One of the main elements shown is color; the vibrant colors exaggerate the rent occurrence. The bright yellows used to paint the tigers are false to the real color of tigers, which brings out the focal point of the artwork. The contrast of colors also helps separate the background from the objects.The color of the background has more white blended into it, forming a hazy effect, as compared to the tigers, the fish and the pomegranate, where the colors are more pure with fewer colors mixed in. Gala, atop the rock slab, is more a neutral color to balance out the painting. Dali has als o used color as a way of representing something, for example he yellow and black stripe on the tiger to represent a bee's body. Although not as obvious, tone has also been used to highlight the three-dimensional feel.The overall mood created by these elements has produced a dreamlike texture, with the soft background, and the surrealistically of the objects. The composition of this Dream Caused by a Flight of a Bee also plays a considerably large part in forming this piece. The first thing a viewer might see is Gala and the tigers, followed by the strange elephant in the background, then followed by all the smaller details. By putting the tigers close to center, it emphasizes the meaning of the piece, as the viewer slowly starts to out the story together.There is also a certain rhythm of the arrangement, especially of the pomegranates, and the overall composition of the tigers and bayonet coming out of the fish, out of the larger pomegranate. This certain arrangement forms a bee, wh ich is repeated towards center bottom, under Gala. In Dream Caused by a Flight of a Bee, â€Å"A typical dream with a long theme, the consequences of a sudden accident that causes the awakening†, Salvador Dali has seed many symbols, in which some include a bee, an insect that traditionally symbolizes the Virgin.The pomegranate with the two droplets of suspended water can be used as a Christian symbol of fertility and resurrection, or it could also represent Venus because of the heart-shaped shadow it casts. The fish, two tigers and bayonet supposedly make up the body of a bee, showing the two sides of the bee's symbolism. The elephant carrying an obelisk is allegedly a distorted version of â€Å"Pulling Della Minerva† sculpture in Rome. Dali has explored to some extent his idea f the world of dreams in a dreamboats, and has shown the events in which a dream can occur, and the split second a person (Gala) could be awoken by Just a small provocation.

Apple external environment analysis Essay

Business background Apple.Inc. was founded in 1976 by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. It became successful in the personal company industry because of its incredible innovative products and business strategy. Small computer was the costumer- friendly product that has a clear future vision. Steve Jobs found this market and believe the demand for this market was big. Apple was the most successful initial public offering after Ford Motor Company in 1980. Apple also was the fast company that hit the Fortune 500 in the history. However, Apple nearly goes into bankruptcy by the middle of 1990s due to the fierce external competition from the IBM and the Microsoft and the internal rapidly growth. In order to stay afloat, apple focused on innovated their personal industry line. This helps Apple became successful ever after. Nowadays, the Apple Company involved in designs, manufactures, and markets personal computers, mobile communication and media devices and portable digital music players. It also sells the relative service, software, third- party digital content and applications and etc. The main product included IPhone, IPad, Mac, Ipod, AppleTV. The professional software applications and operating system IOS and OS X are also the part of product for the Apple. Apple sells the delivers digital content and application online through ITunes Store, App Store, iBooks Store, and Mac App Store to provide service for the item they sale such as Mac. Customer can buy the entire product through online store, the retail stores, direct sales force that located worldwide. Not only these, customer can buy the Apple product as well as through third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers, and value-added resellers. (Apple Inc. Form 10-K, September 28, 2013) Mission statement According to the information show on the Apple website, there is no clear â€Å"official† Apple’s mission statement. The following paragraph can be seeing as the mission for the Apple Inc on the Apple Corporation website. â€Å"Apple designs Macs, the best personal computers on the world, along with OS X, iLife, iWork and professional software. Apple leads the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online store. Apple has reinvented the mobile phone with its revolutionary iPhone and App Store, and is defining the future of mobile media and computing devises with iPad.† (Apple Inc. Form 10-K, September 28, 2013) This is Apple’s mission statement because it matches with the characteristics of a mission statement in some parts. During this paragraph, the product, services and the market for Apple has been clearly described. Customer can understand who are they and what they do through this short paragraph. However, in another way, this â€Å"mission statement† is more like a product list. Without list all the product, this mission statement nether mentioned customer nor the value or the purpose for the company. It is clear to see that Apple Corporation is the product-oriented company. Vision statement The vision for the Apple Corporation is also can be seen as its mission statement. â€Å"Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to student, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software and Internet offerings.† (Apple Inc. Form 10-K, September 28, 2013) Unlike the mission statement, the vision statement is clearly customer- oriented. The market, product, customer and the self-concept for the future Apple Corporation has been mentioned in this one sentences. The future path of the Apple is clearly described as to bringing the best personal computing experience to all the customers. Strategy Based on the vision of Apple Corporation. Company will continue bringing the best product for the customers by innovation. Using unique ability Apple will continue design and improve its own operating system and all the other service, hardware and application to customer. Let the customer enjoy the new product that more easy-to-use and innovated design. Apple Corporation will continue investment in research, design, marketing and advertising. All these investments will play important role at developing and sale the new products. As the part of online store, all the customers who have â€Å"IOS† devices can discover, buy and download application and book from Apple store and iBook. Third- party application and digital content also are the important parts of iTunes store, which provide large number of revenue for Apple Corporation. To expand the discovery and delivery platform for the third- party who provide high quality hardware or software are also parts of strategy. The comp any believes that knowledgeable salespersons who can transform the value of product has the ability to attract and keep customers. The strategy for the marketing part is included that enhancing and expanding both online and retail stores to reach more customers and provide them a high-quality buying and post sales experience. (Apple Inc. Form 10-K, September 28, 2013) Strategy objective The financial objective- Continuing working in product innovation to extent the current product lifecycle. Through update the current system or launch the new product to maintain and growth market share and make profit. The customer related objective- the best way to keep loyal customer is by launch new innovative product. Keeping current customer base and extent the new market with the special focus on the developing countries like China and India will help Apple Corporation win the competition with the competitors. External Macro environment analysis Political Factors: Apple Corporation manages its business based on the geography base, which are general based on the location of its customers. Nowadays, Apple has retail store in 13 countries and sell their product through reseller and other ways all over the world. According to the annual report of 2013, the domestic and international sales accounted for 39% and 61%. The international market plays an important role for Apple Corporation. Wars, disasters, bad global relations and terrorism can affect business. In order to inter the foreign market, the company activity is affected by the local laws and regulation. For example, tax import and export requirement, intellectual property, labour, ownership and infringement, foreign exchange controls, environment and etc. those policy are different in different countries. In some of the countries, to enter the market may need to do the additional testing, product modifications, delays in product shipping dates, or decline product from the product list. All these will increase the operation cost and affect the sales of Apple product. As the policy may consistent change, in the future, the cost of doing business will continue increase. Any delay the introduction of new product caused by the changes of law or regulation has the possible result that product or service are less attractive to the customer even worst may damage the Apple image in its customers and retailers. (Apple Inc. Form 10-K, September 28, 2013) Economic Factors In the past few years, the world’s economy starts getting better from the recession. But the inflation rate still high, while the earning for the customers did not change. The unemployed rate is increase in many countries. Due to all these reason, customer’s purchasing power may reduce. People trend to spend less and do not buy the product that is experience. According to the finance data provide by the Apple annual report, the net income of 2013 (37,037 million) was less than the 2012(41,733 million). (Apple Inc. Form 10-K, September 28, 2013) The sales in some product are decreased. During the economic recession period, currency exchange rate become volatile. Apple using the margins on sales of the products in foreign countries to paid the foreign suppliers. Using this way to minimum the affect of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. Social Factors As the global warming become more and more serious. Environmental protection problem become major issues in many countries. Some of them are where Apple operates. Most of the Apple product is produced outside the American. For example, iPhone is mainly produced in China. However, in the past few years, as the people and government in China are start consider the environment issues that caused by the manufactories. And the labor cost has increased in China. The total cost for producing iPhone has consistent increase. Technology Factors: Apple Corporation is in the market that has fast technology changes, no matter for personal computer, mobile phone and all the other electronic products. All of products are facing the heavy competition to the other companies such as Samsung. The characters of the technical industry are short product life period, need to introduce new product frequently and need to improve product performances frequently. In order to facing the rapidly changes in this industry, companies need to spend lots of money on research, design and development. However, this is good for Apple Corporation as they are using the unique operation system that designed by themself. Macro- environment affect industry Environment Apple Corporation are belong to the electronic industry, which is the industry that worth billions of dollars. More and more people’ work and daily life communication are relay on the consumer electronic such a computer and mobile phone. The size of the electronic manufactories continues increase. The electronic wastes are coming with the development of industry. The electronic devices are usually made by the toxic materials that are very hard to recycle. In one year, over 3 million tone electronic waste are produced in the United States. (EPA.) It’s clearly to see that in today’s society people are trend to be more environmental friendly. Not only the material that use to make the electronic devices need to be save, but also the other materials. Currently, the people in the industry are trying to design the sustainable electronics to help reduce the wastes. Tim Cook reveals his vision of industry. The future of the electronic industry is to use greener materials, less packaging, keep electronic product out of the landfills. (Jay Yaro, 2014) Demographics Currently, the customer for the electronic devices like computer and mobile phone are the young people at age between 18 and 35. It’s turn out that lots of company are forgot a important market-the middle age adult. The adult in the age between 40 and 60 should be the major market as most of them are earning money. Nowadays, with the technology development people are forced to use electronic devices. Especially for the middle age people who has a job. Those people are willing to buy the product for the work and start learning technology. Middle age is the group of people that has the highest purchasing power no matter in what time. After ten years, the young people at age of 18 to 35 are growing to the middle age and start work. This group of people is both familiar with all the electronic device and have money will provide much more revenue for the electronic industry. The developing countries like China also have a potential to growth in the future. Based on the population of those developing countries, the major market for the electronic industry in the future will transform from developed countries to the developing countries. Economic Electronic industry is one of the fastest developing industries in the world. In some way, it is driving the economy growth. Electronic is important for almost every major industry in the world. The trend for the global industry is to become more and more automated. The productivity for the electronic  industry or the information technology industry will increase much more than the other industry, especially in the developing country where skilled labor are experience. Porter’s Five Forces model Rivalry Among Existing Competitors- Strong The electronic and information technology industry are both well know as the fast growth industry. The competition between companies is strong. This is the reason why the larger companies for the industry are less. The threat of existing competitors is very high for the Apple. The company is now operating three major markets: personal computer, mobile phone and the music players. For the personal computer area, Apple needs to compete with the big company like Dell, Toshiba, HP and etc. Apple using its unique operation system successful occupied parts of the market. However, as the difference of the market strategy, all the company is focus on different market. For the mobile phone area, Apple has to compete the big companies like Samsung and Blackbarry. For the music player area, Apple occupied 72% of the market. (Cole, 2013)However, the competitors like Sony are continue improve themselves. The only way to keep all the market share is to consistently improve and provide new product. In the future, as the market for the industry are moving from the developed countries to the developing countries, how to win the competition without lower price will be the top issue that Apple should work with. Bargaining Power of Buyers – Strong For the Apple Corporation, the â€Å"buyers† will be almost every one in the world. According to the large customer base, it’s clearly to say that the bargaining power of buyers is strong. There are so many choices for buyers. (different brand that provide the similar product.) Customers can easily switch between the brands. The individual buyer often knows the basic information for the product. These group of customer looking for the  computer that has high quality but lower price. The bargaining powers for them are moderate. Apple is mainly targeting the customers that have academic institute, colleges and schools students, and retail buyers. School and some other organization is the big buyer for the apple computer area. Their bargaining power as a buyer is high. As the technology industry continues development, the new buyer come into the market. This large number of customers may change the current market. But one thing will not change is that the power is control by the customers. Bargaining Power of Suppliers – Weak Expect the suppliers like Intel. The bargaining power for the suppliers is low. For the big company like Apple, there are thousands of suppliers want to establish the relationship with it. For the suppliers, the competition between their own industries is strong. The low enter requirement caused lots of new enter. However, it’s hard to get large order since the existing relationships between current suppliers and company. Apple has lots of choices, the number of satisfaction substitute suppliers are many. The cost for Apple switch the supplier from one to another is low. The bargaining power for Apple as the buyer is strong, which sometime can influence the price for the product. Not only Apple as a buyer can influence the price, the price competition between the suppliers will also lower the price, which lower the cost for Apple. Currently, people are start pay more attention on the environment protection. According to Tim Cook’s vision of environment, the current supplier may have to become even greener to maintain the relationship with Apple. Threat of New Entrants – moderate The electronica industry keep attracting to the new enter with its rapid growth and increasing customer base. In another way, the industry are not attracting new enter as they are enter to the mature market that have to face the fierce competition. The giant player like Apple, Dell, Samsung are in the market and control the most of market. It’s hard to compete with these companies. To enter the high-tech industry the capital requirement are relatively high. The giant company like Apple are already controlled the supply and marketing channel. It is hard for a new enters get assessing to those channel. Another important parts is that in the current market, customer are usually loyalty to the larger and old brand. This is the challenge for the new enter to get market share from the well-know competitors. Threat from Substitutes – moderate The threat from the substitutes is moderate for Apple. There is not much product can substitute the electronic devices like computer, smartphone and music player. However for some of people, they do not need these entire products especially for the elder people. They may more like to read news on newspaper rather than on the websites and writing on the paper rather than taping on Computer. The traditional way is the substitute for this industry. However, as the industry continually developing, the threat from this part will consistently decrease. Reference Apple. Inc (Sept.29, 2013) Apple Annual Report Form 10-K. Apple.Inc. Jay Yaro (APR. 21, 2014) Tim Cook Reveals His Vision For Apple In An Environmental Video. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/tim-cook-apple- video-2014-4 EPA (n.d) Cleaning Up Electronic Waste. EPA.gov Retrieved from http://www2.epa.gov/international-cooperation/cleaning-electronic-waste-e-waste Shane Cole (December 19, 2013) Apple’s iPod continues to lead an ever-shrinking market of portable media players. Retrieved from http://appleinsider.com/articles/13/12/19/apples-ipod-continues-to-lead-an-ever-shrinking-market-of-portable-media-players

Business Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 4

Business Decision Making - Essay Example The management focuses on the application of various research methods. Research companies shall interview tablet users in the South East market. The researcher will also use both structured and unstructured interviews to obtain information on the product. Interviews will provide both qualitative and quantitative methods. The researcher should minimize chances of nonrespondence by approaching the subjects appropriately. Flexibility will be integrated in the interview process in order to maximize information obtained (McKee, 2014, 1). Similarly, researchers will use questionnaires. Mailed questionnaires will be randomly sent to tablet users on a random basis. The researcher should consider the cost of sending feedback from the respondents (Elvis, 2010, 56). Prepaid stamps should be used to cushion the respondents on the mailing costs. Moreover, the researcher may obtain primary data on the market trends. A market analysis will provide quantitative and qualitative data. Researchers can request electronics’ suppliers to furnish them with sales records on tablets. Alternatively, researchers can use secondary data from electronic databases. Sales records will provide detailed information on consumer demand of tablets. Data on consumer preferences will be obtained. The company encourages researchers to apply any other research methods provided they avail adequate data. The objective of the proposed research is to obtain as much data from customers as possible. Particularly, qualitative data providing information on consumer taste and preference is of great importance. The researcher should obtain data on the prevailing market price of the various tablets available in the market. The information obtained will enable the management come up with a price that will maximize revenue for the company. Consumer demand pattern should also be obtained as it will help the company predict expected demand with a high degree of