6. “It Is More Important to Discover New Ways of Thinking Essay Example for Free

6. It Is More Important to Discover New Ways of Thinking yield outDeveloping unused ways of thinking some what we already know is very important as it helps us to develop a better ground of that which we already know so to some extent the above statement is true. However it is as significant to discover unsanded data or facts. In fact these two concepts go hand in hand it is because of some discoveries that we k smart when they first came to light that we have something we c wholly existing knowledge to think about and sometimes it is through trying to develop new ways of thinking about a certain issue without a solution that we fin ally finalise it is silk hat to find a new explanation or concept of awaiting at it. A student who goes from lower to higher school two learns new and advanced ways of thinking about the information they have ga in that locationd in previous grades as well as some new data they have never come across before which further stresses that both concepts are important. We cannot learn everything at once nor can we know all sbout those things we know, which is why both developing what we already know and leaarning some new things are equally important.In some encases one may find that discussing and thinking about what we already know notwithstanding in a new clearer way can help us reach a conclusion whereas if we had elect to discover new facts about it instead, our horizon of confusion would have been broadened and we find ourselves with yet an another(prenominal) mystery to solve. A good example of a case like this is death. Unless someone dies and comes back and tells us exactly what happens afterward death, no one can ever really know what happens. Any information we all have of life after death is found on assumptions that is if there is even life after death.Discovering new facts about the so called life after death isnt but going to cause even more confusion, so really in my view I would say it is rather best th at one sticks to the knowledge and believe they have over this issue, and if any(prenominal)thing, find new ways of thinking about instead of creating yet another confusing phenomena based on assumptions. But such fields as Science motivate constant discovery of new knowledge because this is one area of knowledge where deception is the only method used to prove the theories because we cannot verify, in other words prove a Scientific theory to be true in any way but we can pfove it fo be wrong.In this case it is clear then that in Science it is more important to discover new facts or data than to think about that which we already have as we need new discoveries to falsify old theories. However sometimes it may be thinking hard and deep into a scientific theory that makes one see fault in it as a result make new discoveries in which case both thinking of something in a new way and making new discoveries would have been equally important. We can for instance look into the famous exam ple of the falsification of Newtons theory of gravitation by Einsteins theory of relativity.Einstein like all other Scientists of that time saw nothing wrong with Newtons model until a crisis came when Newtons theory of gravity failed to account for the behavior of light. ostensibly this had to be a result of scientists thinking of new ways of applying Newtons model. No one expected the negative outcome they came out with but it was negative and the Scientists were faced with a dilemma they had to solve. That it is when Einstein invented his theory of relativity, a whole new theory, which could work even for those discoveries that Newtons model failed to.In any case, the point is to show that finding new ways to think of something can actually lead to the discovery of new information which in turn gives us something new to think about and in new ways if we please. Living only by developing things we already know would be depriving ourselves sour so much knowledge. Had the people w ho lived before our genesis checkd they wanted to live only on what they knew, there would be so much we do not know.Generations like that of Newton or Einstein, generations like that of Priestley or Lavoisier who made discoveries about oxygen and those of people who learned the word of God and passed it on from generation to generation till the bible was written we would not have the knowledge we have today. And the knowledge does not end there and like the paradigm shifts suggest, there will always be new information, new theories and new ways of thinking as the world revolves that will override the current theories but should we decide to live only by the data that already exists, we may find that we are making experiments with 90% errors all the time.

Quantitative Methods for Finance and Investment Essay Example for Free

Quantitative Methods for Finance and Investment EssayUniversity of Bristol School of Economics, Finance and Management numeric METHODS FOR FINANCE AND INVESTMENT (EFIMM005) Review Questions Question 1 Concepts a. Dene a stochastic process. Give an example in Finance of a quantity that finish be modelled as a stochastic process. b. Dene a stationary stochastic process. c. Consider a stochastic process Yt , t = 1, . ., T . Dene the partial autocorrelation function (pacf) associated to this process. d. Explain the dierence between estimator and estimate. e. Let Ut , t = 1, .., T be a call back zero white hinderance process. What is the value of pacf at lag 2 for the process Yt = .5Yt1 + Ut ? f. Explain the dierence between the autocovariance function and the sample autocovariance function.Question 2 Application The seat of government asset pricing model (CAPM) can be written as E(Rjt Rmt , Rf t ) = Rf t + j (Rmt Rf t ), where Rjt is the take in return of security j at perio d t, Rmt is the return on a market portfolio proxy, and Rf t is the return on a risk-free proxy. The coecient j is the CAPM beta for security j. Suppose that you have estimated j by ordinary least squares and found that the estimated value was 1.37 with standard deviation 2.6. based on 3665 observations. a. A city analyst has told you that security j closely follows the market, in the sense that security j is equally risky, on average, to the market portfolio. Perform a 5% signicance level test of hypothesis to determine whether data support the analysts claim. b. Are hypotheses tested concerning the value of j or its estimated values?Question 3 Techniques Consider the moving average process Yt = t + 1 t1 + 12 t12 with t T a mean zero white noise process with variance 2 0. t=0 a. Calculate the mean of Yt . b. Calculate the variance of Yt . c. Calculate the autocovariance function of Yt T . t=a T =120 d. Assume that yt t=1 represents the monthly tons of ice cream sold in the UK be tween Oct. 2001 and Oct. 2012. What cause of dependence can the term 12 t12 capture? 1

The Empress Dowager CI XI History Essay

The Empress Dowager CI XI History EssayEmpress Dowager Ci Xi was born in 1835. She had two new-madeer brothers. Her father Hui Zheng was a member of the meet Blue Banner of the Eight Banners. Bordered Blue Banner was descendant of royal, so she had an excellent familys background. According to annals, she spent her early life in Anhui Province. The antecedent period of childhood, she started to learn literature, painting and handwriting. She had been training hard for several years before she moved to capital of Red chinaware. Ci Xi besidesk apart in a pick program for concubines for the new Xian Feng emperor butterfly. She was a talented girl, so she was one of the few girls selected to be Preparative Concubine. After that, she was promoted to Noble Person after she was selected to serve the Emperors occasional life. She was pregnant for the first time in 1855, and she gave birth to Tong Zhi in 1856. Tong Zhi was the only son of the Xian Feng Emperor. So Ci Xi was promoted t o Noble Imperial Consort Yi. The Xian Feng Emperor became lazy because of his spoilt health, and Ci Xi was good at handwriting, so Xian Feng Emperor looked over the political documents, and asked Ci Xi to write comments on it. So at that time Ci Xi started to fill with politics.British and French troops attacked Beijing in 1860, Xian Feng Emperor took his son and Ci Xi fled Beijing to a safety place called Re He. However Xian Feng was seriously ill at that time, his son Tong Zhi was only 6 years old its too young to manage the whole country, so Xian Feng Emperor summoned eight of his most prestigious ministers to help his son to manage the country. Xian Feng Emperor died in 1861. After the death of the Xian Feng Emperor, both of his Empress Consort and Noble Consort Yi were elevated to the empress dowager. Tong Zhi became the new emperor and the Eight Regent Ministers tried to reduce the right of the new emperor, but Ci Xi was not satisfied with the Eight Regent Ministers. So she made a plan to arrest them, and killed them with the help of Prince Gong. After that, Ci Xi started to mix in politics. In breaking with tradition, Ci Xi became the first and only Qing Dynasty Empress to rule from behind the curtains.Tong Zhi Emperor died in 1875, Ci Xis nephew Guang Xu became the new Emperor. However, Ci Xi up to now ruled from behind the curtains.The first Sino-Japanese War was break out in 1894, the result of the defeat the Qing government was forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Empress Dowager Ci Xis indemnity to the war was negative, so after a series of the wars of invading China, we lost our dominion gradually. Empress Dowager Ci Xi died in the Hall of Graceful Bird on 15 November 1908.Empress Dowager Ci Xi, as an emperor had governed the Qing Dynasty for about forty years. When the Qing Dynasty was found at beginning, the emperor not Empress Dowager Ci Xi had set a discard that the imperial harem or seraglio should not participate in the internation al affairs. When it was Ci Xis acquire to govern the whole country, everything seemed changed.She used her beauty to put one across Xian Feng believe her and they soon got a baby called Tong Zhi. When Tong Zhi emperor controlled the country, it was a bad time. Britain and France united army went through Beijing and attacked and occupied Beijing. Then Xian Feng emperor break loose to a summer retreat. That was absurd that the high status emperor escaped when facing violence. How could the folks look at him? The only thing they responded was laughing at Xian Feng emperor. Just at that moment, Empress Dowager Ci Xi grasped this chance to become herself a psychologist. She came to comfort Xian Feng emperor. But as a pity, he died soon. However Xian Feng emperor knew puff up about how good or bad Empress Dowager Ci Xi was. So he left an imperial edict to Empress Dowager Ci Xi to prevent her in case she done something harmful. But out of Xian Fengs prediction, Empress Dowager Ci Xi ma de the imperial in her own hands by using some figure of means. She made herself to be the emperor. How contemptible she was When Tong Zhi was died at the age of 21 with sexual disease, it was obvious that Empress Dowager Ci Xi should take over the political government agency when Guang Xu was too young to take charge of the country. Empress Dowager Ci Xi always insisted on centralism. She suppressed the Taiping Rebellion which was an appeal for peasants right. But she made it down. She kept the situation which was called centralism. qualification the military power hold in her hand, she would not like anyone else to crab anything from her.In 1904, Japan and tsarist Russia made a war because of the territory of China and Korea. It took place in the northeast of China. To everyones surprise, Empress Dowager Ci Xi held the position standing in the middle. Thus made the people lived in northeast of China suffered in great pain. She even could bear that the people who were under her control were in pain not only in physic but also in mental. She made all rights belong to herself.She designed and snared the ministers, judged them with blank commitments. She smashed others power into ash. She insisted in holding the main power and making everyone who was under her control pick up to her. She made a rule which was that anyone could not challenge her position or doubt her ability because all she wanted was the whole nation and the entire power. As a leader, she failed to care about the folks emotions and even did not know what they really needed and what they worried. She just knew that she had the responsibility to protect her position from being usurped. non only in her political aspect had she something that made people dissatisfied with her but also in the life aspect.For example, Empress Dowager Ci Xi had a clothe that was where she went, where the meal went. So she did not submit a specifically restaurant which was designed to eat.Incidentally, the bowls s he used were colored in bright yellow, covered with specie lid, and some of them were decorated with dragon patterns, while others printed the Chinese character shou.The each meal of Empress Dowager Ci Xi was contained about 150 dishes. All the dishes were neatly arrange in rows. One row was a large line of bowls, and another row was a line of small dishes, followed by a row of a small bowl, in this case order.When the two female officers came into the bedroom and put the table, they were holding a big yellow food container.Her tea cups were made by pure white jade, and tea trays and lids were gold.Empress Dowager Ci Xi would not eat with other people.When she began to eat, she always ordered the eunuchs to brought silver chopsticks, spoons, etc., and then said Im sorry you squander to stand up when you are having your meal, but these are the rules set by our ancestors. I can not break the rules, even the Queen can not sit in front. Im sure if the foreigners know how we treat the woman in the palace, they would certainly think that we are barbarians. But you will soon find that I practice in front of them is completely different, they do not see merely who we are. Many people think that Empress Dowager Ci Xi was a bad woman in the Chinese history. However, she also had her success. First of all, Ci Xis struggles are worth for us to learn. In Qing Dynasty, nobody can be greater than her. When she was a child, she had already known that using property to bribe eunuch to be close to emperor. After she lived in the palace, she could deal with a lot of complicated things in correct and experienced ways. Then, she gave a birth to a child who was the only son of her husband-Xian Feng emperor. She was a really clever woman that no other concubines could have babies for the emperor.Secondly, Empress Dowager Ci Xi could deal with things without hesitation. Before Xian Feng emperor dead, he told 9 ministers to control Ci Xis rights. However, Empress Dowager Ci Xi did nt afraid of them. She used the hatreds between the ministers to turn the scale. Finally, she took helm of the state and she controlled her son, which was called attended to state affairs. In addition, she usually deals with things without hesitation, such as 1898 Reform period.Thirdly, Empress Dowager Ci Xi ended feudal society in a quick way. The feudal society in China had lasted for more than 2000 years. It was too long and serious to China to develop capitalism, which made China unequal and fall behind other countries in Qing Dynasty. However, Empress Dowager Ci Xi was a luxurious woman and she leaded a luxurious phenomenon around the country. She reduced the money of the government, which leaded to the feudal society in China was ended almost 30 years in advance. In the position of Qing government, Empress Dowager Ci Xi was a guilty person, but in the position of the development of history, she helped China to end the feudal society in a quick way.Fourthly, Ci Xis luxurious h obbies-the Chinese feast and Peking opera, which developed Chinese culture. She loved the two things and many a(prenominal) foreigners were interested in imperial banquet. The Chinese feast finally fixed many different styles of cooking. Its unique in the world. She loved Peking Opera and she often heard opera in her palace. In this way, many foreigners could have chances to come into contact with Peking Opera. The secrets and culture of Peking Opera could be spread. So that, Empress Dowager Ci Xi made contributions to Chinese culture.Fifthly, hobbies of Empress Dowager Ci Xi improved the society in the process of modernization of China. Was Empress Dowager Ci Xi an old-fogy? If we find the answer from the Chinese history book, we may say she was, because she suppressed the Chinese reform. However, the time she was in power was a high communicated period with western countries. During this period, she certainly learned a lot from western countries. She imported many new things from foreign to China. Electric lights, automobiles, photos, movies and so on. We think that all of them were completed by courage from Empress Dowager Ci Xi, so we have to admit that she was a wise woman.At last, Empress Dowager Ci Xi brought us a famous world culture heritage-the Summer Palace. When we travelled in the Summer Palace, guiders usually told us that Empress Dowager Ci Xi spent the expense of naval forces in building the Summer Palace in1888, which leaded that China had failed in the Sino-Japanese War. Who knew that the Summer Palace would be a famous imperial garden where mustiness be visited by foreigners. So, Empress Dowager Ci Xi was not only a guilty person all the time, she also had her ability and success.There is no perfective aspect man or woman in the world. Anybody has good aspect meanwhile he or she has the bad side. No one is absolute bad or good. So, is Empress Dowager Ci Xi good or bad? Everyone has his or her own idea.

The Effects Of Abortion Philosophy Essay

The issuings Of miscarriage Philosophy EssayUnwanted pregnancy represents a major cost of sexual activity. It is predicted that terminateion legalization generated incentives leading to an increase in sexual activity, accompanied by an increase in sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Using Centers for Disease Control data on the incidence of clap and syphilis by state, we test the hypothesis that spontaneous stillbirth legalization led to an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. We found that gonorrhea and syphilis incidences are signi chiffoniertly and positively correlated with abortion legalization. In fact, thestress hold upd by wo manpower who get abortions whitethorn stem not from the procedure itself solely from the simple fact that thepregnancyis unwanted.In addition, the researchers found that womensreligiousaffiliation had no effect on whether they had abortions devout Catholics were just as likely to abort as women belonging to religions more tolerant of the procedure. Nor did religion affect womens long-term intumesce-being after abortion, once educationlevel, income, and initial self-esteem were taken into account. Effect of religion in abortion, ByLisa Tolin, published on July 01, 1997 last reviewed on June 14, 2012A significant number of patients suffer psychological complications as a gist of abortion, and 10-20% experience severe depression. The risk factors for such psychological complications originate with abortions performed under pressure, eugenic abortions, or late abortions, and with cultural or religious hostility against abortion. The reception to abortion consists of four phases phase 1 is short and comprises the immediate reaction and alleviation that the pregnancy is oer phase 2 can last for several(prenominal) weeks or months, with anxiety and even guilt being experienced by 20% of women 2 years after the abortion phase 3 corresponds to a pathological phase, that is, when anxiety is transformed into disease in 1 0-20% of women (symptoms of this depressive disease include insomnia, crying, inability to concentrate, anxiety, and panic attacks) phase 4 consists of reactivated mourning. Treatment depends on the phase for anxiety, direction is indicated for depression, anti-depression drugs however, these are contraindicated in the first trimester if the patient becomes pregnant. For breast-feeding mothers, tricyclic antidepressants are indicated and during such treatment rede should be suspended. Although the effects of such treatment methods gravel not been adequately assessed, it could be concluded that they do not cause any harm. The efficacy of treatment choices needs to be studied.The effects ofabortioncould be all physical or emotional and they will range with all(prenominal) woman who experienced this procedure. It may be difficult to tell beforehand who is at greater or littleer risk for such effects, and the fact thatabortionis legal in most places certainly reduces risk of physic al complication. That being said, on that point can be complications to this procedure of a physical and emotional nature, and it is wise to understand any possible risk factors.EMOTIONAL EFFECTS OF ABORTIONRight after anabortion, women may disembodied spirit some soreness and cramping. This, and possibly bleeding from the procedure, which is generally no heavier than menstrual bleeding, may last for several weeks. Some women also experience stomach upset that can take the form of vomiting or simply nausea. These tend to be normal after effects ofabortion, only when if women feel concerned they should contact their doctor or the clinic where the procedure was performed. Sometimes complications do arise after anabortion, though risk of this is low. Women should watch in the first a couple of(prenominal) weeks for signs or very heavy bleeding, fever, severe pain in the pelvis or severe stomach pain. These signs might suggest dangerous infection or hemorrhage and need immediate med ical care. In extremely rare instances, death does occur during or after an abortion, but risk of this is about on par with risk of death during childbirth. in that location are also emotional effects ofabortion, which do exist and need to be noted and looked for. Of these, the most significant is the development of postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is a risk any time a pregnancy ends, at any stage and no matter how. The body can respond by becoming deeply depressed as pregnancy hormones rapidly fall.What this would suggest for most women seeking anabortionis that they have a strong support system this could be the help of friends, group support, work with a counselor, or a supportive family. Isolation after anabortiontends to increase risk for serious depression, and the circumstances under which a woman gets anabortionmay also make depression more or less likely. Those who feel conflicted about the decision or must keep it secretive may suffer more.Other emotional effec ts ofabortionexist. Some heap feel guilt, while others feel relief. Without full-blown post-partum depression, some women may still feel tearful, moody, or simply endure a difficult emotional go during the first few weeks to several months after abortion. Again, not all women have this experience, but some do.Understanding the effects ofabortionallows women to make informed choices. There are strong arguments for and against this procedure, and people on both sides of this issue may frequently hold up one or two of the effects as a reason for or against having anabortion. What is most important is that effects be neither aggrandized nor minimized. It is important for anyone who faces this decision to understand effects clear of taint of a political position.PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF ABORTIONWhen an abortion is performed on a woman, she becomes subject to many physical complications. Blood loss during the procedure causes diversion of slant flow to various organs and can result in shock . When the canal of the cervix is dilated, the insides of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and the abdominal cavity are exposed to invasion by bacteria. abdominal muscle infection can cause peritonitis and abscess formation. Severe hemorrhage often follows an abortion. Instruments can perforate the uterus causing injury, infection, and bleeding to internal organs.Deaths from abortions, although rare, are normally from heavy bleeding from complications with anesthesia. Women who have abortions increase their risk of breast cancer by fifty percent, according to a new study in the daybook of the National Cancer Institute. abortion of a first pregnancy interrupts the natural growth process of the breast, leaving millions of cells at a high risk. It has been found that next pregnancy failure is increased by forty-five percent with just one previous abortion. Other complications are a greater risk of previous(p) births, tubal pregnancy, sterility, and damage to the cervix. As a result of abortion, women suffer many physical injuries.Not only do these women bear physical side effects, but they also suffer many emotional side effects. Among these are depression, long-term grief reactions, anger, sexual dysfunction, guilt, flashbacks, memory repression, suicidal ideas, and difficulty keeping close relationships.In a new study by post-abortion researcher David Reardon, who operates the Elliot Institute for Social Sciences Research in Springfield, Illinois, it was found that twenty-eight percent of women who had abortions later attempted suicide, and over half of these women did so more than once. Drug and alcohol abuse increased four times among women who aborted compared to those who carried to term. Ninety-eight percent of women regretted having had an abortion. Seventy-two percent of women said their abortion did not improve their life. Twenty percent of post-abortive women reported a nervous breakdown, and ten percent were hospitalized for psychiatric care. Of the t wo hundred and threescore women surveyed, over sixty percent said their abortion made their life worse. Written ByTricia Ellis-Christensen Edited ByO. Wallace Last Modified Date31 October 2012 Copyright protected2003-2012Conjecture CorporationSPIRITUALL EFFECTS OF ABORTIONIn addition, abortion hurts women ghostlyly because it is not simply a process of evacuating the contents of a uterus, but the decision of a human life. God states in the sixth commandment, Thou shall not murder. Each baby is created by God and is part of His plan as state in Psalms 13913-14, You made all the delicate inner parts of my body and knit them together in my mothers womb you saw me before I was born and scheduled each day of my life before I began to breathe Human life does not begin when the baby breathes, or when its flavor begins to beat, buts its life is continuous and inherited.Life is passed from family to family and recorded in the Bible back to the first human beings created by God, Adam an d Eve. Professor Garret Hardin, Department of biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, stated Life ends often, but it never begins. It is just passed from one cell to another. All biologistsare in agreement with that When a women interrupts Gods plan of life through abortion, she may suffer spiritual void and separation from God.Not only do abortions end the life of a baby, but they also have harmful physical, emotional, and spiritual effects of the women involved. We need to protect and value all human life from the moment of conception to natural death. The future of America and our world rest on that.When people think about the role of men in abortion, it seems that they usually think about the stereotype of the man who forces the abortion or the male who abandons. However, there are many roles the man may have played in the experience. One man may have been involved in several abortions, each with a different scenario. The impact on fathers is mitigated by t he role they play in the abortion. They fall into separate categories. National Library of Medicine (US) updated 2006 Feb 24. Abortion updated 2006 Feb 21 reviewed 2006 Feb 21 cited 2006 Feb 24. Available from http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/abortion.htmlEFFECT OF ABORTION ON MENA man can come to recognize that an abortion experience affected him in many different ways. Each man has his own unique story but there seem to be some common elements. For men who opposed the abortion, the significance is immediate and impactful. He may think, contemplate or obsess about what happened. The experience is never far from his consciousness. The man who seems to agree, is neutral, supports the abortion or just abandons the partner may not have an active awareness of the significance of the experience until years later. Some trigger events for these men may be the birth of another child, seeing an ultrasound during a pregnancy, or a conversion experience of some kind that may bring it to the f ore. It may be seeing an ad, reading an article or being aware of the Roe vs. Wade anniversary and the marchers around the country. It may be hearing someone elses abortion experience or suddenly being aware that the partner they had the abortion with is not doing well, if she is still in his life. It may be that in seeking counseling for marriage problems, drug or alcohol abuse or sexual addiction, an astute counselor or pastor asks about past pregnancies and abortions. Something has opened the adit to awareness that allows the man to begin considering the impact of an abortion experience in his life. National Office of Post-Abortion Reconciliation and Healing1-800-5WE-CARE P.O. Box 070477, Milwaukee, WI 53207-0477 copyright 2007 NOPARHConclusionAbortion is not the appropriate way to deal with any pregnancy, whether it is being intentional or non-intentional. This procedure should not be legal in any country. Children should be given the opportunity to live their lives.In my perso nal opinion, the procedure of partial birth abortion should be banned. This form of pregnancy abortion should be viewed by the pregnant women before they go through the procedure so that they can understand what they are about to do.I think all women contemplating an abortion should very view an abortion procedure as well as understand what the negative psychological and physical effects they can have post abortion.I feel that women should be counseled before the procedure and have at least three days to consider the abortion facts, and health effects of abortion, as well as the implications of the procedure.The Lord said thou shall not kill, and having an abortion is like a legal life taking process.

An Analysis Of The Nagorno Karabakh Conflict Politics Essay

An Analysis Of The Nagorno Karabakh Conflict Politics EssayThis dissertation focuses on the contradict of Nagorno-Karabakh the origins of the conflict, its present severalise and the possible future. Through break through the dissertation several let out aspects and theories of Inter guinea pig relations are canvassd, such as deals adept to self determination, the concept of nation- country and conflict resolution.Firstly, the relevant theories of International relations are explored and an attempt is do to compare them with reality and to base their use in the real world. Secondly, a historical background of the conflict is described, followed by a description of the conflict from 1988 to 1995 and the stillness talks. Thirdly, an analysis of the future of NK is examined, presenting out possible solutions and forms of reconciliation. More everyplace, relevant questions are individually looked at.For over ten years NK has been on a path of nation-state building. NK sees it self as an self-directed republic, even with lack of planetary recognition. NK has a population of 141,000 and an area that covers 11,458.38km2. (Official website of the President of NK, http//www.president.nkr.am/en/nkr/statePower/ , access codeed on parade 2, 2011). The map below show the situation of NK, they show both the NK Autonomous Oblast and the present NK state boundaries that let in the occupied territories of AzerbaijanAs this dissertation deals with the de facto state of Nagorno-Karabakh, it analyses and explores International Law concerning peoples right to self determination and the accomp eithering recognition of their state.Chapter 1, Article 1, part 2 of the United Nations hire created in 1945 states that the aim of the UN is toDevelop fri nullifyly relations among nations based on respect for the pattern of equal rights and self-government of peoples, and to take new(prenominal) appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace.Article 1, part 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and political Rights 1966 states the adjacentAll peoples encounter the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. (United Nations Charter 1945, available at http//www.un.org/aboutun/charter/ accessed March 2 2011)Moreover, the Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations of twenty-fourth October 1970 declares thatBy virtue of the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, all peoples have the right freely to determine, without external interference, their political status and to pursue their economic, social and cultural development, and e very State has the duty to respect this right in accordance with the provisions of the Charter. (International Cov enant on Civil and Political Rights 1966, available at http//www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm accessed march 2 2011)The establishment of a sovereign and autarkic State, the free association or integration with an independent State or the emergence into any other political status freely determined by a people constitute modes of implementing the right of self-determination by that people. (UN General Assembly, Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1970,available at http//www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3dda1f104.htmlaccessed March 2 2011 ).These legal statements show the summation belowstanding and acceptance of the international community regarding the idea of peoples right to self determination. Even though some core aspects of these declarations can be vague in their practical reek, their overall message is not contested.By taking into account t hese and other declarations, the case for the people of NK becomes clearer. Presently, the worry lies with the idea that NK peoples right to self determination collides with Azerbaijans right to sovereignty, so what is the solution? match to Dr. Otto Luchterhandt, the director of East European Research Department (University of Hamburg)The right to self-determination is not only a political principle alone a rule of existing international law. The people of Nagorny Karabakh are the subject of the right to self-determination. The people of Nagorny Karabakh can claim for the highest level fulfilment of the law of self-determination secession from the state of Azerbaijan because on the one hand its restriction to the status of a national minority stands in no solid groundable relation to its legitimate interests in development and protection, and on the other hand the measure of its oppression has reached such bitter proportions, that remaining in the federation of Azerbaijan has become unacceptable and it has announced it get out for self-determination in an unmistakable and convincing manner. (Luchterhandt, Nagorny Karabakhs Right to State Independence According to International Law, Boston, 1993)To use international law in a discussion in the case for NK, specific proof has to be shown. There is also the business that juridical legitimacy of borders and territorial integrity works against the self-determination principle, however this cannot be taken into account in the case of Azerbaijan SSR (Soviet collectivistic Republic). Firstly, it mustiness be stated that NK was an autonomous oblast (an administrative unit) within the Azerbaijan SSR, and that Azerbaijan SSR was not defined by state borders, it was defined by administrative borders, therefore the Helsinki Agreement last Act in 1975 concerning territorial integrity cannot be applied. As Francois Mitterrand said Why should the interior administrative borders of a state be automatically prize as international ones? (Zargarian,1999).Secondly, on the 3 initiative August 19941 the Azerbaijan SSR confirmed the restoration of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan that had been created from 1918 to 1920. This declaration leaves to question the legality of the present Azerbaijans borders, including the territories of NK, territories surrounding NK and Nakhijevan, as none of these were part of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan. In addition, it is well documented that in declination 1920, Azerbaijan SSR accepted the territories of NK and Nakhijevan as belonging to Armenia. These declarations were later altered by Stalin, which at the times was Commissar of Nationalities.To further analyse, the value of state sovereignty of Azerbaijan should be graded as lower than the importance of sovereignty of a state in a normal situation, with reference to the system of states in the League of Nations, therefore it is lower than the NK peoples right to self determination. (Raschhofer, 196 0) This notion gives support to the national right to self-determination of NKs people in right to secession over Azerbaijans state sovereignty. (Luchterhandt, 1993).To conclude, as the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh was founded after a referendum on state independency on 10th December 1991, resulting in a 98% acceptance, and in agreement with international and Soviet law, it should ultimately be acknowledged as genuine down the stairs international law. Moreover, precedent of Eritrea can be used, which showed that self proclamation leads to be under the power of international law. NK relationship with other countries, international organisations, and treaties such as the Geneva Convention, all give power for self-determination.HISTORYThe name Nagorno-Karabakh has a mixture of 3 languages Nagorno is in Russian importee mountainous, and Karabakh is in Turkic and Farsi meaning Black Garden. However, the Armenians call it Artsakh, as it was one of the provinces of Greater Armenia, and i t is mentioned as early as second century BC the ancient provinces of Artsakh and Utik, situated between Lake Sevan, river Kara and river Araxes. (Strabo, 1st century BC.)During the centuries, NK has been mainly populated by ethnic Armenians, however there were periods in which during conquests other ethnic groups would settle, such as Caucasian Tatars, Caucasian Albanians (no association to Albanians in Balkans), Persians and Turkic tribes. The recent conflict with Azerbaijan has unleashed a historical fact finding war, where the Azeris lay historical claims to these lands, and the Armenians refute them. The people living in NK point out to the obvious evidence, such as hundreds of ruins, ancient monuments, religious building, churches and monasteries. (Tchilingirian,1999). As one farmer said in regard to this This monastery (Monastery of Gandzasar) kept us Armenian, the writings on these walls made us know who we are. There is a khachkar (cross-stone), the size of a car, on top of this mountain our ancestors placed it there to indicate that this is Armenian land (Martakert, 1995).To review the history of Artsakh a new dissertation can be written, therefore to keep in line with this dissertation, a review of more than recent history is made.After 1918, when the Georgians, Armenians and Azeris took advantage of the chaos of the Russian Revolution to establish independent states, war broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan, however by 1921 all three republic were under the rule of the Red Army. (Swietochowski, 1985)Originally, the Bolsheviks determined NKs problem The Chairman of the Azerbaijani Revolutionary Committee (Azrevkom), Narimanov declaredThe government of Workers and Peasants of Azerbaijan, having perceive the news of the proclamation in Armenia in the name of the insurgent peasantry of the Soviet Socialist Republic, salutes the victory of the fraternal Armenian people. From this day forward, the former borders between Armenia and Azerbaijan are susp finish. Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan are recognized as constituent(a) parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia. Long live the fraternity and union of workers and peasants of Soviet Armenia and Azerbaijan. (L. Chorbajian, P. Donabedian, C. Mutafian, 1994)The decision by Narimanov was acclaimed by the ethnic Armenians which thought that it was a fair decision. Moreover, Narimanov declared no territorial conflict will cause bloodshed between these two old neighbourly peoples. ( Chorbajian, Donabedian, Mutafian, 1994). Yerevans central authority henceforth declaredBased on the declaration of (Azrevkom)it is hereby declared that Mountainous Karabagh is henceforth an integral part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia (Libaridian, 2004)This announcement was never realised, even if it was at the beginning supported by Stalin. Stalins view was that Karabagh should be given to Azerbaijan, in an effort to increment friendly relations with Turkey, which by t hen had aspirations to be a communist state. (Lane, 1992) It must be understood that Turks and Azeris are ethnically the same people.Even though the decision over NK was reached on July 4th 1921 in the Kavburo (Caucasian Bureau of the Communist Party)Based on the declaration of (Azrevkom)it is hereby declared that Mountainous Karabagh is henceforth an integral part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia (Libaridian, 2004)The Kars and Moscow treaties were signed in October, giving Azerbaijan the control of NK. Thus, NKs Armenian populations (90% of NK) desire to unite with Armenia was ignored, creating ethnic tensions that would eventually end in full scale war.The Armenians tried to relocate NK to Armenia SSR in 1929, 1935, 1963, 1966, 1977 and 1987. The main reasons were the anti-Armenian discrimination, demographic shifts and economic underdevelopment. (Ulubabian, 1994) The Armenian population had declined by 25% from 1920 to 1979, due to hardships created by these discrimin atory attitudes.The modern conflict started on February 1988, when due to the glasnost policy created by Gorbachev and its subsequent openness, the NK authorities asked to transfer the NK Autonomous Oblast to Armenia SSR. The reaction in Azerbaijan SSR was negative, as in 13th June it rejected this demand, on the other hand Armenia SSR on 15th June gave acceptance to this request. Due to the argument between Azerbaijan SSR and Armenia SSR, Moscow had to decide, and since Articles 73 and 78 of the 1977 USSR paper states that borders may only be changed if both republics agree on the change, NK stayed under Azerbaijans SSR authority, until the Soviet Union broke down in 1991.The conflict itself started with violence and ethnic-cleansing, with irregular warfare. Pogroms against Armenians started in Sumgait (near Baku) in February 1988 and in January 1990 in Baku. The Armenians of Baku (approximately 220,000) and from other parts of Azerbaijan were withdrawd to flee, except in areas of NK. In return, Azeris in Armenia (160,000) were forced to leave, however no pogroms and mass violence was recorded, unlike in Baku.It was not until Yeltsin came to power that Russia sided with the Armenians, as before the USSR broke down the USSR Army was helping the Azeris. The Russians helped the Armenians with weapons, fuel and logistical support. The reason the Russians sided with the Armenians was because it was against Azerbaijans pro-Turkey and pro-Western positions. (Betts, 1999). Russias view was that Armenia was its only ally in the entropy Caucasus, and due to its geopolitical situation in regard to Turkey in Iran, help should be given. all-inclusive scale war broke out between 1991 and 1994 among the Azeri Army and the irregular Armenian guerrilla fighters. At the beginnings of 1992 the Azeris were in control of nearly half of NK, forcing out Armenian civilizedians as they advanced. Spring 1992 was when the advantage turned towards the Armenians, as their offensive pushed the Azeris to retreat. Once the city of Shushi was captured in May 8 1992, the Armenians had control of NK and the surrounding territories. It must be noted that the Armenian side was mostly fought by guerrilla fighters, which did not respond to any central authority in NK or Armenia. nigh of the fighters or Fedayeen (Freedom Fighters), as the Armenians call them, were ordinary people without training or war machine weapons. The Armenians were helped by the Diaspora, which sent money, weapons and volunteers to help. The Azeri side brought mercenaries from Chechnya and mujahedeen from Pakistan and Afghanistan (approximately 3,000 fighters). (Taarnby, Michael. 2008)In May 1994 a cease fire was signed with Russia as intermediary in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The ceasefire was signed by the Azerbaijani authorities and General Babayan from the NK Armed forces. The result of the war was that the Armenians ended up controlling 20% of Azerbaijans territory. An estimated 4,500 people died and 25,00 wounded from the Armenian side, and an estimated 30,000 died and 60,000 wounded on the Azeri side. (De Waal, 2003).CEASE FIRE AND PEACE TALKSBefore the ceasefire agreement talk terms by Russia, several attempts were made to find a solution.The first attempt was by Boris Yeltsin and Nursultan Nazarbayev on September 1991, it gave no fruit. Next mediation was by Iran on February 1992. Since Irans historical relationship with both the Armenians and the Azeris was close, it attempted to increase its dominance in the region, especially to push Turkey aside. The Tehran conference did not reach to any agreement. After this, CSCE (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe) started to arbitrate, it also pressed Iran out of the talkss, as the latter was not a member of CSCE, On August 1992, Nazarbayev tried again, but the mediation led to nowhere. CSCE tried on several occasions from 1992 until December 1994 to reach an agreement for both sides, but its inexperience and Ru ssias parallel inter-group communication made it fail. From May 1994, when the ceasefire was signed, several propositions were laid on the negotiation table, but NK was only to agree to a complete package, while Azerbaijan pushed for a step by step approach. (Mooradian, 1999)To date, there has been no concrete agreement between the two parts. The main mediator is the Minsk Group, created in 1993 by the CSCE (now OSCE), even though the presidents of Armenia and Azerbaijan have met on various occasions, NKs government is still left out of any negotiations.CAN KOSOVO BE USED AS AN EXAMPLE?After the recognition of Kosovos independence, umpteen other de facto states looked nearly to see if it would set an example. Even though the states that have recognised Kosovo state that Kosovo cannot be used as a precedent, others may indicate that it can and has. The main reason the international community uses to implicate the uniqueness of Kosovo is that it has been under UN and international control, while other de facto states like NK, Abkhazia and South Ossetia have not.To analyse the relevance of Kosovo, a comparison is made. The akinities with NK are various both consist of a minority that sees itself discriminated, both conflicts started in an era of transition brought by the disorder of the Soviet Union, both held referendums and used the peoples right to self determination idea. The differences must also be noted NK can argue that before the transition era, it al wide awake was an Autonomous Oblast. NK has existed for longer, with relative better stability, and has made more progress on state-building, even though it received less international attention and financial support. (Murinson, 2004) different differences are that NK is not accepted as a negotiating part in the peace process, Armenia acts as its representative.It can be argued that the Kosovo can be used as an example of a state gaining independence, however, the international community argues that it is a unique case, however this does not limit the political ramifications it has brought. Kosovos independence has given hope to other de facto states, who argue that in all, they should have a better chance in gaining independence than Kosovo. As the former President of NK statedIf the world community is ready to recognize the independence of Kosovo, I think it will be very hard for them to explain why they do not recognize Nagorno-Karabakh(Yakubyan, 2006)And as the loudspeaker system of NK Parliament saidA serious basis for the international recognition of our sovereignty, we have held free elections for 16 years, law-enforcement bodies are formed, powers are divided, the army is under civil control(Karabakh Has Serious Grounds for International Recognition of Sovereignty, in Karabakh Open, 20 February 2008)To explain why Kosovo deserves international recognition and other de facto states in very similar positions do not is very hard, even by the same international community t hat accepted Kosovos independence. The reasons can vary from the official statement that Kosovo has been under international control, while other have not, but it is also correct to assume that other factors such as mutual interests among regional powers. Russias involvement in the NK peace process has many times thrown the Minsk Groups propositions away, as Russia can benefit from the no peace no war situation over NK it sells arms and heavy weaponry to both Armenia and Azerbaijan, arming both sides.WHY HAS ARMENIA NOT RECOGNISED NKS INDEPENDENCE?This question is very interesting in the sense that it would be logical that Armenia should be the first country in recognising the independence of NK, however there is one main reason of why it has not. The official Armenian response to these questions is that since Armenia has startedAn international legal process of settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakhconflict, and this is why Armenia has still not recognized the enclaves independence Iti s forthesame reason that Armenia has not recognized the independence of Kosovo,Oleg Yesayan, Armenian ambassador to Belarus.(Alima Bissenova. (2008). Armenia links issue of Abkhazia, S. Ossetia to N.-Karabakh. Available http//www.cacianalyst.org/?q=taxonomy/term/4page=6. Last accessed 20th January 2011.)However, due to the recent statements by Azerbaijan of taking NK back by force has made the Armenian side declare that it would recognise NK if war startedArmenia is categorically against a military resolution of the problem. In the event Azerbaijan unleashes a new military venture, Armenia will have no other choice but to recognize de jure the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh and provide for the safety of its population through all means,President of Armenia, Serge SarkisianAstana, Kazakhstan, December 2010.EuroAsia. (2010). Armenia Says Will Recognize Karabakh In Case Of War. Available http//www.eurasianet.org/node/62556. Last accessed 20th January 2011One could argue that Armenia shou ld recognise NK, in the same manner as Russia has recognised Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The recognition of NK would give Armenia legal right to aid NK in case war started with Azerbaijan. Moreover, some argue that if Armenia does not recognise NK in the foreseeable future, the status and issue of NK could be forgotten to history, as it would lose its momentum in the pursuit for recognition.RECOMENDATIONSFrom the overall analysis of the NK conflict and other similar conflicts around the world, some basic and concrete to the NK case recommendations can be madeOSCE and other international peace organisations should look to include NK in the negotiation process as an independent actor, like they did with the ceasefire agreement.International organisations should pave the way to stipulate better assurances for non resumption of armed conflict. The line of fire should be closely observed for ceasefire violations.Programs should be developed in order to teach both societies about toleranc e, reconciliation and mutual respect.International organisations should look to integrate the public in debates and discussions, and rely less on top-down approaches. (Faber, 2005)International organisations should push for a peacekeeping force to be deployed on the contact line, it should also try to prink a new referendum under the eyes of international observers, henceforth push for a lawful democratisation and a peace settlement. (Freizer, 2006)Governments in Armenia, NK, and Azerbaijan should start to include conflict resolution and prevention, peace building and peacekeeping, human rights programmes at schools and universities, in order to increase public awareness.NGOs should create projects along with the civil society to enlighten the population about the conflict and conciliation for peace.Finally, an international recognition of NK would ensure a peaceful settlement of the conflict, and would make NK answerable to international law. Moreover, NK would have access to loa ns from the IMF or the WB, thus being able to develop better as a state. Open borders with Azerbaijan would bolster trade, and maybe bring trust between the people. inferenceThe conflict of NK is very complicated to be able to analyse without going into much detail. There are many arguments for and against certain strategies, using international law, international recognition, state sovereignty, refugees, and many others, but one thing is being ignored the fact that NK has been acting like any other recognised democratic state for over 15 years. NKs human rights violations, degree of democracy and transparency and corruption are all better than Armenia or Azerbaijan, (Freedom House, 2011) yet still there is runty advance among the international community in recognising NK. Some may add that the West uses double standards Weve got used to the double standards of the West. I believe that the people of South Ossetia have much more reason for gaining independence than the Kosovan Alban ians. (Yuri Morozov, Prime Minister of South Ossetia). In my opinion, the West does not fully use double standards, but approaches the question very surgically, since it understands the uniqueness of every conflict, and that it could be disastrous to use one peace settlement in another area, as every conflict has its own inimitable dynamics.I think that NK pace to independence is correct, as sooner or later it will have to be recognised, it should continue growing its government in order to set an example. In the near future two outcomes are possible, either an international recognition of NK or war will break out, it is inevitable, as both sides continue arming themselves, therefore it in my opinion it is in the best interest that of the international community to prevent such hostilities by recognizing NK. As Chekov saidIf in the first act you have hung a pistol on the wall, then in the following one it should be fired. Otherwise dont put it there.(A. P. Chekhov, in Teatr i iskus stvo 1904, No. 28, 11 July, p. 521)

Successful Management of a Diverse Workforce Essay -- Workforce Employ

Successful Management of a Diverse Workforce Successful steering of a diverse work force poses many challenges in the confusing aspects of diversity that exist in todays workplace. Equal employment opportunity is an cause to pay retribution for past errors and many say it was a good beginning but more is needed. We commonly read and hear the increasingly universal term diversity training. The new catchphrase to be found gaining popularity in the workforce is inclusion. With all these confusing concepts, just how can management develop a successful strategy to manage a diverse workforce?The term diversity needs to be defined, as it is applicable in the workplace. Equal workout Opportunity focused primarily on gender and race. Diversity, though, is filled with many more criteria than just gender and race. Diversity is defined in one name (Value of Cultural Diversity, 1997) as not part of the mainstream, popular culture. In this nation, our popular culture, or ideal business succes s, is white, young, heterosexual, Christian, and male. This description, while blunt, may indeed recoil what diversity in the workforce represents. Anyone in the workforce who does not meet the criteria stated in the article would be an example of diversity. When we add age, marital or family status, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, and disabilities the pool of a diverse workforce outside of gender and race gets rather deep indeed. Management strategies must adapt to be effective in managing this expanded diverse workforce.Management in America has historically always dealt with a diverse workforce. During the days under British colonialism a majority of the workforce were religious minorities, political dissidents, minor criminals, and indentured servants from Britain. Further diversifying the workforce was the practice of importing African slaves. After the American Independence, the American workforce began seeing many German and Irish immigrants who were Roman Catholic, w hich increased as the nineteenth century progressed. Actually, according to Hatton and Williamson (1998), during the second half of the nineteenth century, the rate of Irish emigration was more than double that of any other European country, with as many as 13 per thousand emigrating each year. While the Irish were flooding the workforce from Europe, the Chinese were also flowing into... ...r of the skin were born with but we can control what we put in our noses. When does inclusion become aggression on the dominant culture? How far must the dominant culture bend over to accommodate the multitude of oddments found in todays society? As a nation of diversity, havent we already adapted enough without making special concessions for every person with a difference? Recognizing both the differences and the commonalities among the various individuals comprising ones workplace and instituting fair and balanced strategies are the keys to successful management of a diverse workforce.Refer encesBeck, B. E. (1999, July). Style and modern makeup Special issue. Prose Magazine, 126, 96-134.Gode, S. M., Orman, T. P., & Carey, R. (1967). Writers and writing. New York alfalfa Publishing.MacDonald, S. E. (1993). Words. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (vol. 38, pp. 745-758). Chicago Forty-One Publishing.Wilson, J. C. (2001). Scientific research papers. In Stewart, J. H. (Ed.), Research papers that work (pp. 123-256). New York Lucerne Publishing.Xenon, R. M. (2002). Birth order and romantic attachment style. Journal of Research in Personality, 22, 236-252.

Cal Ripken :: essays research papers

The relationship that this book has with psychology is a very familiar one. One would not birth to look at this book with a psychological go through, unless you look into the deeper meanings of Ripken and what his thought process is. The book allows you to see what a boy&8217s point of view of a family that grew up in a modest fashion, with baseball being prevalent throughout his emotional state.After reading the book and asking myself what Mr. Ripken was thinking during his life and the content of the book I find myself relating it to Psychology. You can see how Ripken developed into a player from his point of view and how he pass onled himself mentally. You can see how he his family, mostly his dad has influenced him throughout his younger days and all the way through his professional career. By reading of what his mind interpreted and the sights and sounds of the way he perceived things made this a highly psychological book. You can almost analyze Ripken by reading through th e book and seeing first hand what he was thinking and personal details to what he thought was important.The thesis of the book lies directly in the title. I remember reading through the exclusively book, wondering what the whole purpose in writing, or what was the motivation for the book other that to better understand the consecutive game streak that Ripken now holds. Doing the and thing that I know how to do. This simple statement is the thesis of the book. At first this is hard to believe, but the whole book describes it perfectly. While growing up Ripken only two things baseball and traveling. Hard work and games were part of his life. Ripken learns at an early age that he is not rich, not specifically talented, but a hard worker. He takes this attitude and applies it to baseball, following the example of his father. The simple for reason, which is also the thesis, is because this is the only way that he knew how.The treatment that Ripken gets is a very familiar one. He is the oldest of four children, so this automatically put him in leadership role. This derives from his father being gone so often playing in the extensive magnetic inclination of minor leagues that Cal Ripken Sr. played up and down the East Coast. Since his father was away many times, this put Jr.